Objective To investigate the risk factors affecting neoplasm recurrence and metastasis following liver transplantation (LT) and liver resection (LR) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) meeting Milan criteria. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 88 patients with HCC meeting Milan criteria undergoing LT or LR in Nanfang Hospital between January, 2006 and December, 2011 and compared the survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate between the two groups. Univariate analysis of 12 variables during peri-operative period was carried out to screen the risk factors affecting neoplasm recurrence and metastasis. Results The LT group and HR group had similar 1-, 3-, and 5-year-survival rates (P>0.05), but the LT group showed significantly higher 1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates (P<0.05). The recurrence rate was much lower in LT group than in LR group (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified gender, tumor size, degree of pathological differentiation, and microvascular tumor embolism as independent risk factors affecting the recurrence-free survival rate. Conclusions Patients with HCC meeting Milan criteria undergoing LT have longer long-term recurrence-free survival. A male patient with a greater tumor size, microvascular tumor embolism, and poorly differentiated carcinoma is more likely to develop neoplasm recurrence and metastasis following the surgery.%目的：比较符合Milan标准肝细胞癌患者行肝移植和肝切除术后的生存和复发情况，分析影响患者肿瘤复发转移的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析南方医院从2006年1月~2011年12月88例符合Milan标准肝细胞癌患者行肝移植或肝切除术的临床资料，比较两种术式的生存率及无瘤生存率；对围手术期的12个变量进行单因素分析，筛选影响术后肿瘤复发和转移的危险因素。结果移植组患者1、3、5年生存率与切除组差别无统计学意义（P>0.05）；移植组患者1、3、5年无瘤生存率优于切除组（P<0.05）；肝移植组肿瘤复发率明显低于肝切除组（P<0.05）；多因素分析提示性别、肿瘤大小、肿瘤病理分化程度、镜下微血管癌栓是影响无瘤生存率的重要预后因素。结论治疗符合Milan标准肝细胞癌，肝移植比肝切除能获得较长的无瘤生存时间；男性、肿瘤直径越大、有镜下血管癌栓、肿瘤病理分化程度低的患者术后更容易发生肿瘤复发和转移。
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