电推进工质的研究进展及发展趋势

摘要

简述电推进的原理及优势,介绍了电推力器的种类(电磁式、 电热式和静电式)和电推进工质的分类(固体、 气体和液体三类),并对各类工质特点进行了概述.固体工质易储存、 无泄漏,但有严重碳化现象及比冲小;气体工质比冲高和可控性好,但贮存容器过大、 容易泄漏;液体工质比冲大,效率高,可控性好等.在此基础上,重点论述了国外电推进工质的研究应用情况.最后结合当前材料研究前沿,对离子液体、 纳米颗粒、 超临界流体及传统工质修饰改性材料等作为电推进工质的前景进行了展望.%The basic principle and primary characteristic of electric propulsion are described briefly. The types of electric thruster and classification of electric propulsion working medium are in-troduced. The features of various working mediums are summarized. Solid working medium is easy to store and has no leakage, but has a serious carbonization phenomenon and low specific impulse. Gas working medium has a good controllability and high specific impulse, but needs large storage container and is easy to leak. Liquid working medium has high efficiency, good controllability and high specific impulse. On this basis, the research and application situations of electric propulsion working medium in China and foreign countries are discussed emphatically. In combination with materials in current re-search front, the development prospect of ionic liquids, nano-particles, supercritical fluids and tradi-tional propellant modified materials used as electric propulsion working medium is also discussed.