The balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine plays a significant role on the process of embryo implantation and pregnancy. However, the imbalance of these cytokines is probably one of the most important causes of recurrent implantation failure. On one hand,the higher pro-inflammatory cytokine or insufficient anti-inflammatory cytokine may activate the immune cells(NK cell, macrophage and T cell) at the fetal-maternal interface, which probably attacks the trophoblast cells and promotes the formation of thrombus in the villous vessels,thus leads to the immunological rejection to the fetus, implantation failure, early pregnant loss and contributes to the pregnancy complication such as intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia and preterm labor. On the other hand, lower pro-inflammatory cytokine or higher anti-inflammatory cytokine may influence the embryo adhesion to endometrium and angiogenesis, which results in implantation failure. In conclusion, the bias of the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine is probably detrimental to uterine receptivity and implantation.
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