清末，面对“数千年来未有之强敌”和“数千年来未有之变局”，先进的中国人一直在苦苦找寻救国救世之良方。在经历一次次失败的打击后，部分民族主义知识分子开始转换视角，将救亡图存的切入点从外在的物化形式转向内在的国民素质，他们通过编撰国人必读的教科书来培养国民的民族认同意识。陈庆年是其中的杰出代表，其撰著的《中国历史教科书》通过历史追忆，叙述中华民族形成、发展与融合的过程；通过文化展示，极力颂扬中华民族的优秀文化；通过情景再现，叙说中国历朝与周边国家的关系及国家疆域的广阔。在此，历史教科书已不仅仅是向国人传授历史知识的读本，更是民族主义知识分子传播民族意识，鼓舞民族士气，增强民族自尊心、自信心，提高民族认同感的有力武器。%In late Qing Dynasty, advanced Chinese people have been struggling to find out an effective way to save Chinese nation when they facing with the powerful enemy and the turbulent situation which they have never undergone for thousands of years. After the experiences of coming to nothing again and again, some nationalistic intellectuals begin to change their view; they put the entry point of national salvation from the external form of materialization to internal national quality. They cultivate the sense of national identity through compiling textbooks which are used to require reading by every person in China. Chen Qingnian is one of the outstanding representatives. His book ofChinese History Textbook narrates the process of formation, evolution and integration of Chinese nation through the historical retrospection; and through the cultural show, he praises the excellent culture of Chinese nation; using the scene of representation, he describes the relationships between Chinese successive dynasties and neighboring countries, and the vast of national territory. Here, history textbooks are not only textbooks which are used to impart their historical knowledge, but also a powerful weapon to spread national consciousness, inspire national morale, enhance national pride and self-confidence and to improve the sense of ethnic identity by nationalistic intellectuals.
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