土地承包经营权制度改革：逻辑、原则与制度选择

摘要

Right to the contracted management of land is a key issue in the land law system .There are significant in‐stitutional conflicts and restrictions on right ,because of multiple objectives and logic .When revising existing law ,it is im‐portant to clarify the principles and logic of the right to the contracted management of land .This requires taking the logic of property rights as a main logical line of the institutions ,and at the same time ,it is necessary to select and abstract the two principles from the objectives :to guarantee the chance of fulfillment of rights and to guarantee the legitimate interests on the contracted management of land .These two principals will be used to determine the applicable premise of logic of the right to the contracted management of land ,and the other objectives which are not translated into principles should be applied only when they would not violate the main logical line .On this basis ,the train of thought of the institutions re‐form will be clear .Right to the contracted management of land together with collective land proprietary right and right to management of land constitute a new system of rights .In this system ,collective ownership should still be the premise of institutions ,and right to management of land would be created based on right to the contracted management of land (not collective land proprietary right ) to complete unfinished mission of the old institutions .In the long term ,restriction on in‐heritance ,transfer ,hypothecation and duration of right to the contracted management of land would be weakened ,and re‐distribution of right to the contracted management of land would absorb more autonomous norms .Nevertheless ,out of empirical considerations ,institution adjustment in the short term should resort to workaround .%土地承包经营权制度改革是土地法制改革中的一项核心议题，它在现行土地法体系的多重目标和逻辑下存在显著的制度冲突和权利限制问题，破题的关键是厘清土地承包经营权制度的逻辑和原则。这要求将财产权逻辑作为土地承包经营权制度的逻辑主线，将多元目标拣选、提炼为两项原则———即农民权利实现机会和承包经营权益的绝对保障，并以这两项原则划定财产权逻辑的适用前提，而未被转化为原则的其他目标则只能在不违背主线逻辑的前提下设定和适用为该目标服务的规则。在此基础上，制度改革的思路将趋于明晰，土地承包经营权将同集体土地所有权、土地经营权共同构成三层次的权利体系。集体所有制仍然是制度前提，土地经营权将以土地承包经营权（而非土地所有权）为基础获得创设并承载旧制度未竟的使命，就长期而言，曾施加于土地承包经营权继承、转让、抵押、期限上的限制将逐渐弱化，土地承包经营权的权利再分配将吸纳更多授权性（自治性）规范，但出于经验性考虑，短期内的制度调整仍有待变通设计与实施。