中国口头诗学理论与现实意义评述

摘要

"口头诗学",又称帕里-洛德口头程式理论,是20世纪30年代由美国古典学学者帕里及其弟子洛德所开创的一门通过类比验证和比较方法解决口头传承内部运作规律的理论典范.在中国,口头诗学是20世纪90年代才新起的一门学科,它广泛借鉴了民俗学、人类学、语言学等学科的基本理论和方法,对民间口头文学的研究具有新的方法论意义,使中国的口头文学研究发生了从文本走向田野,从集体走向个人,从传统走向传承,从目治之学走向耳治之学的转变.结合中国民间文学学科的现实,对"口头诗学"理论产生的背景、基本概念及现实意义进行综合评述,可以使口头诗学本土化的内在路径和外在意义更加清晰,从而具有普泛化的阐释意义.%Oral composition, also called Parry-Lord theory, is a theoretic model set up by American classic scholar Parry and his disciple Lord in 1930s, which deals with intrinsic operation rules of oral composition through analog verification and comparative methods.In China, oral composition started in 1990s.It has learned much form fundamental theories and methods of folklore, anthropology, linguistics.It is of methodological significance for the study of oral folk literature, and helped Chinese oral literature develop from texts to the field, from the collective to the individual, from tradition to inheritance, from visual studies to audial studies.Taking into consideration the actual disciplinary situation of Chinese folk literature, the article reviews the background, basic concepts, and practical significance of oral composition theory, clarifies the intrinsic route and extrinsic significance of the localization of oral composition, and help it gain more universalized interpretation significance.