《读史方舆纪要》数据库建设中地名解析的原则与方法

摘要

Dushi Fangyu Jiyao (namely “Essence of Historical Geography ”)is an important Chinese book written by the Qing Dynasty geographer Gu Zuyu,between 1630 and 1660.Based on the admin¯ istrative division of the Ming Dynasty,the book covers the distribution and evolution of natural,his¯ torical and administrative geography,which makes it an exhaustive and frequently -used reference book for historical researchers.However,the book consists of dense volumes which make it hard to search the vocabulary entry and locate the spatial relationships.Thus,an effective information man¯ agement and retrieval system based on the GIS technology is highly required.The primary step of__building such a system is analyzing the geographic names and linking them with their inherent relation¯ ships,which consist of four essential aspects:(1 )identify and segment the entries of geographic names.This article proposed the principles of identifying and segmenting the entries by summarizing the writing style of the book;(2)determine the political system (namely ordinary and military control system,according to the relationship of administrative subordination)that geographic names belong to;(3)determine the relationship of administrative subordination and hierarchy of administrative geo¯ graphic names,with respect to the characteristics of the administrative divisions in Ming Dynasty and the record of the book;(4)division of the non-administrative geographic names.They can be divided into mountain,river and others,according to the nature of ground features represented by place names.Based on the four aspects above,this article presented the basic rules and approaches of place name exploring and taxonomic analysis,the hope is that providing reference for building the geograph¯ ic name database of ancient books.%《读史方舆纪要》是明末清初顾祖禹的历史地理名著，以明代政区为纲，记叙全国地理地物分布及沿革，包含的地理信息详细而全面，是一本常用的历史地理参考书。但该书卷帙浩繁，检索困难，且空间关系不易定位，因此以 GIS 技术为支撑，构建信息化的管理、检索系统显得非常必要。而构建该系统面临的首要问题就是地名信息的解析及其关系的构建。这主要包括四个方面：第一，地名条目的鉴别与分割。在总结《读史方舆纪要》行文特点基础上，提出了条目鉴别与分割的原则。第二，地名所属行政系统的确定，即按照地名隶属关系，将其分为普通政区与军管型政区两大系统。第三，政区地名隶属关系与层级关系的确定，即按照明代行政区划的特点及《读史方舆纪要》的记载，确定地名的上下隶属关系与层级关系。第四，非政区地名类型的划分，即按照地名所代表的地物性质，将其划分为山脉、河流及其他地名三大类型。从这四个方面出发，提出《读史方舆纪要》地名挖掘、分类解析的基本原则和方法，为古籍地名数据库建设和信息化提供借鉴。