清代教谕的出身及籍贯回避--以东莞县教谕群体为例

摘要

清代州县儒学官员，有司学校之责，各州县均有经制。通过对有清一代东莞县有载的儒学教谕进行群体考察，其籍贯、出身等都各有一定规律和群体自身特点。清代教谕回避制度不同于非教职官员的省籍回避，而是回避本府；虽清承明制，但清代教谕也不同于明代教谕的省籍回避制，体现出清制对明制的沿袭与革新。东莞县教谕的出身均为正途，都是科甲举人或国学贡生，且贡生还多为临时署任，其正式继任者皆为科甲举人出身。此外，清代严禁捐纳教职。从严正途、重科甲和禁捐纳政策中，可看出清朝对基层教职人员选拔的严格。%Prefecture education officials in Qing Dynasty are in charge of local schools,and each prefecture has its own official-ap-pointing system. Group study on jiaoyus(education officials) of Dongguan County in the Qing Dynasty shows that the origins and native places of Jiaoyus are of regular patterns and characteristics. Although the Qing Dynasty inherited the political system of the Ming Dynas-ty,the avoidance system of jiaoyus in the Qing Dynasty is prefecture-avoiding in stead of Ming Dynasty’s province-avoiding,which shows the inheritance and innovation of the political system of the Qing Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Jiaoyus of Dongguan County are all of formal origin,juren from imperial examinations or senior licentiates(gongsheng),and most gongshengs are temporary agents, whose official successors are all jurens. Buying officials is prohibited in the Qing Dynasty. The formal origin,stress of imperial exami-nation,and prohibition of buying officials show that the selection of education officials is very strict in the Qing Dynasty.