珀律比俄斯的混合政制论与马基雅维利

摘要

根据古典政治思想,政治的兴衰包括两个方面:政治体的兴衰和政制的兴衰.珀律比俄斯将两者结合起来解释古罗马的兴衰,并断言政制的兴衰是政治体兴衰的根本原因.任何政治体,包括罗马的政治体在内,其兴衰无法摆脱"命运女神".马基雅维利是现代政治思想的开创者,他的《李维史论》表面上讨论古罗马的政治实践,实际上则为未来的"新罗马"构建了一种新的政制.他认为,凭借这种新的政制,"新罗马"就能征服"命运女神".通过故意"歪引"珀律比俄斯的政制循环论,《李维史论》之开篇重新解释了罗马政制.马基雅维利的新政制论必然会孕育出自由民主政制,但是它依然无法征服"命运女神".%In accordance with classical political thought,the boom and slump of politics contain two aspects: the rise and fall of a political community and of regimes.Polybius mixes these two aspects in order to explain the rise and fall of Rome,and he asserts that the rise and fall of regimes is the fundamental cause of the rise and fall of a political community.With regard to the political community,including Rome,it is destined to rise and fall.Machiavelli is the pioneer of modern political thought,whose work Discourses on Livy seems to discuss Roman political practice on one hand,and truly intends to find a new regime for a future "New Rome" on the other.The "New Rome",in his opinion,will conquer Fortuna by way of the new regime.The beginning of Discourses on Livy reinterprets the Roman regime through deliberately misquoting Polybius' discourse on the circulation of regimes.Machiavelli's new regime proposal necessarily gives birth to liberal democratic regime,but it cannot conquer Fortuna all the same.