为研究渭南市区2014—2016年的冬春季雾霾天气的特点,选取覆盖渭南市区的4个监测站点,分析渭南市区PM10和PM2.5污染时间分布特征;同时选取日平均气温、相对湿度、风等气象因素,用线性回归分析法分析各个气象因素同大气中PM10和PM2.5的相互关系.研究发现:三年来冬季PM10和PM2.5的日变化的峰值主要出现在12月—次年1月;春季PM10和PM2.5的逐日变化的峰值主要出现在3月;日内的周期变化趋势呈多次波动.渭南市区冬春PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度与风速、气温呈负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关,为雾霾的形成创造了条件,在冬季温度较高的情况下以及相对湿度较大的情况下应加强防范.在冬季12月—次年1月和春季3月应注意雾霾的防范和治理,燃煤企业要安装脱硫脱硝装置,居民日常生活中尽量减少生物燃料的燃烧,同时政府应根据污染物排放量征税,用制度保护环境.%Background,aim,and scope In recent years,with the rapid development of Chinese economy,air pollution has became increasingly serious and brought very serious harm to human health,the development of the industry,a large number of vehicle exhaust emissions and a great deal of fossil fuel combustion make the air quality getting worse. The air quality of a region is determined by the content of gases or particulates such as SO2,NO2,CO,O3,PM10,PM2.5,which common features are toxic substances and can float in the air for a long time,endangering the health of the human body. The main sources of pollutants are vehicle pollution,diesel generators,building dust,biomass,coal combustion and industry pollution,as well as seasonal sources of pollution such as summer dry dust from nearby deserts,autumn crop burning and festive fireworks. Weinan City (108°50'— 110°38'E,34°13'—35°52'N) is an inland city in western China,this city has faced serious air quality problems due to the rapid growth of cars and the increase in energy consumption in recent decades,however,the pollution problem has not been paid enough attention to in such the medium-sized cities. The number of monitoring sites is extremely limited,the serious pollution in Weinan should cause enough attention to the government,and increase the number of monitoring sites. In the present study,we collected air quality data for PM2.5 and PM10 in Weinan City and investigated the temporal changes and possible sources of these pollutants. This study can provide useful information for timely prevention of haze and how to prevent haze. Materials and methods According to the daily average concentration values and the real-time concentration data per hour of PM10 and PM2.5 in the four stations (Gaoxinyixiao,Ribaoshe,Tiyuguan,Nongkesuo) from January 2014 to August 2016,which data was provided by Weinan City monitoring station. And we get the relevant weather data from the Weinan Meteorological Bureau,such as the corresponding temperature,wind direction,wind speed,relative humidity and other meteorological factors. The real-time concentration monitoring data in Tiyuguan are taken as an example,we plan to reflect the correlation between the mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 and the meteorological factors by the influence of the meteorological factors such as temperature,wind speed and relative humidity on the concentration of these particles. In order to study the relationship between mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 and meteorological factors,this paper mainly uses linear regression analysis to express the correlation between the them and the figure is mainly completed with Origin software. Results (1) The daily trends of PM10 and PM2.5 in winter and spring can be seen from the chat that the concentration of pollutants in winter during three years is higher in December and January and early February,and the main reason may be due to the impact of cold waves,resulting in an increase in central heating,and because of the restrictions of economic conditions and other aspects,the quality of residential coal is relatively poor,there is higher content of sulfide and increasing emissions to the air pollutants,so that the mass concentration value of pollutants is higher in this time period,at the same time China's Spring Festival is aslo in winter,setting off a large number of firecrackers can not only increase the concentration of pollutants in the air,but aslo cause noise pollution. The changes of PM10 and PM2.5 in spring are generally high is mainly in March,this is due to natural factors mostly,while the dry weather would make the roadside dust more diffuse in the air. In the early spring,because of severe weather changes in the middle and late March,sandstorms and such dust weather would often occur,the sand dust weather is an integrated product of atmospheric motion and natural geographical environment. (2) The diurnal variation characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 have large trend fluctuations in one day,mainly at 08:00,12:00,18:00,21:00,the peak appears in these time periods. This is mainly related to the peak hours of people's on and off duty in the day,tra?c flow increases in these time periods,and the main pollutants are mostly automobile exhaust. There is a great relationship between the high concentration in the evening and the inversion layer,and the inversion layer near the lower surface of the night makes the pollutant concentration in a certain range and is not easy to spread,the concentration of pollutants would increase during this time,moreover it maybe because of the Earth vehicles and so on are driving at night and are prohibited during the day,it aslo cause a higher concentration of pollutants in this period of time. In general,the diurnal variation of pollutant concentration is closely related to human activity and is also affected by meteorological factors. (3) The correlation between the mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 and meteorological factors is mainly that the mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in winter and spring in Weinan was negatively correlated with the wind speed and temperature,but was positively correlated with the relative humidity,which created the conditions for the formation of haze,thus,the people should strengthen prevention in the case of high temperature and high relative humidity in winter. Discussion The formation of haze is very complex,affected by many factors,according to the actual situation in Weinan,meteorological factors to promote the formation of haze in Weinan to some extent,but controlling haze roots is the primary problem,the root of haze is the "crime culprit" to cause the serious pollution in Weinan,and the meteorological factors and the terrain of Weinan City and other factors are "accomplices". Therefore,let's adjust the energy structure vigorously to prevent and control PM2.5 pollution; let's take science and technology as the core to build a new PM2.5 prevention and control system and finally to achieve using science and technology to control pollution; let's reform system,legal and economic management system to protect the comprehensive benefits of using science and technology to control pollution. The coal enterprises ought to install desulfurization and denitrification device in Weinan City to reduce pollutant emissions to a minimum,the government should implement a tax policy and collect taxes on emissions from various companies,the enterprise should pay for the harm caused by the discharge of pollutants to the public;encouraging everyone to use clean fuels to reduce vehicle exhaust pollution,or according to the emissions of pollutants from the car to collect taxes,can not let these emissions of pollutants become a matter of course,strengthening laws and regulations from the system and providing institutional protection for governance haze;the use of biofuels and low-quality coal is strictly prohibited for residents,the government can make appropriate subsidies in this regard. Conclusions The forming factors of haze are very complicated and influenced by many factors. According to the actual situation of Weinan urban area,meteorological factors promote the formation of haze in Weinan urban area to a certain extent. Recommendations and perspectives The search provide a significant scientific basis for understanding the pollution characteristics of temporal distribution in PM2.5 and PM10 in Weinan. To alleviate the PM2.5 and PM10 pollution,reducing coal burning,biomass burning and controlling road dust must be performed.
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