流感病毒感染所致的急性呼吸道疾病(流感)是一种严重危害人类健康的传染病,在全世界范围流行,患病率和病死率均居高不下.由于流感病毒抗原变异性和特异性的疫苗研制的滞后性,常规的疫苗不能有效地预防流感暴发与流行.因此,抗病毒药物就成为了抗病毒的第一道防线.目前被批准上市的抗病毒药物有M2离子通道阻滞剂和神经氨酸酶抑制剂(neuraminidase inhibitors,NAIs)两大类.M2离子通道阻滞剂不良反应大,且只能防治甲型流感病毒,对乙型流感病毒无效;NAIs可以抑制高致病性的甲型和乙型流感病毒,已成为目前抗病毒药物研究的热点.目前已经上市的NAIs有奥司他韦、扎那米韦和帕拉米韦.本文介绍了NAIs的作用机制、药效学、药动学并着重对NAIs的临床研究进展进行综述.%Acute respiratory disease (flu) caused by influenza virus infection,popular around the world,is a kind of infectious diseases which seriously impairs human health,and its morbidity and mortality keep a high level.The conventional vaccine can not effectively prevent the outbreak and popularity of flu due to the variability of influenza virus antigen and the hysteresis quality of specific vaccine development.Therefore,antiviral drugs have become the first line of defense antiviral.Currently,the released antiviral drugs include M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors (neuraminidase inhibitors,NAIs).The side effects of M2 ion channel blockers are serious,and they can only be used in preventing and treating influenza virus A and are ineffective against influenza virus B;NAIs which can inhibit the highly pathogenic influenza virus A and B have become the hot topics in the study of antiviral drugs.Nowadays,the released NAIs include oseltamivir,zanamivir and peramivir.In this review we summarized the mechanism,pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of NAIs and the clinical research progress of NAIs.
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