目的 调查上海地区百岁老人的健康与生活状况,为社区老年人的医疗保健工作和健康长寿研究提供依据.方法 在上海市范围内的各区县随机抽取20名百岁老人,由专职医师入户对百岁老人进行体格检查和面对面问卷调查.调查内容含健康状况和生活状况两个方面,健康状况的调查包括询问所患慢性病史、性格特点和体格检查;生活状况的调查包括月收入、居住方式、烟酒、运动能力、睡眠、日常生活自理能力及饮食.结果 健康状况:(1)患病情况以心血管系统疾病最多,有8人,也有6人没有明确器质性病变;(2)性格特点:以外向型(开朗、语言丰富)居多;(3)体格检查:多数人日常血压控制稳定,神志清楚,保持准确的计算能力,视力尚佳,心、肺、腹部、肢体活动如常;但听力大部分人减退.生活状况:(1)大部分百岁老人有固定收入;与子女或老伴直系亲属共同居住为多,选择养老院模式少;每天能坚持(或在他人帮助下)慢步行走至少10 min;16例有午睡习惯且时间≥1 h;晚上睡眠时间充足,15例≥7h.另外有3人吸烟,7人喜饮酒;(2)生活自理能力方面,大部分百岁老人能自理完成穿衣、进食、行走、大小便,少部分需在他人帮助下完成行走、大小便;大部分百岁老人在打电话(手机)方面不能自理或需他人帮助完成;(3)饮食调查,百岁老人膳食营养显示主要是低热量、高纤维素、丰富的矿物质饮食.结论 本组百岁老人得以健康长寿的主要因素是居家养老,无病则防,有病早治,坚持活动,充足睡眠,合理膳食,适量运动及不吸烟、少饮酒.%Objective To investigate the health and life status of the centenarians in Shanghai district in order to provide evidence for the research of senior citizens' health care and longevity in community. Methods 20 centenarians within the limits of the districts in shanghai city were chosen at random. On-the-spot service by full-time doctors was provided for physical examination and face-to-face questionnaire survey. The survey content contained two parts, which were state of health and living behavior. State of health included chronic medical history, character specialty and physical examination. Living behavior included monthly income, living-pattern, addiction on liquor and tobacco, motor ability, sleeping, per-formance state and diet. Results The state of health showed: ① Cardiovascular diseases were major in morbidity, included 8 patients with explicit organic disease and 6 not. ② Most centenarians were extraverted (optimistic and conversable). ③ Most centenarians had stable blood pressure, consciousness, accurate calculate ability and passable eyesight. The function of heart, lung, abdomen and limbs was as usual but the audition was declined in most people. The living behavior showed: ① Most centenarians had fixed income and lived with their lineal relatives. They were able to walk at least 10 minutes a day. 16 of them used to siesta more than 1 hour and most of them had enough sleep at night. 3 of them were smokers, 7 of them were drinkers. ② Most centenarians can take care of themselves who had the ability of getting themselves dressed, feed and relieved, as well as walk, but few of them need others' help, especially when they want to call somebody. ③ The diet structure of the centenarians mainly contained low quantity of heat, high content of plant cellulose, and were rich in mineral substance. Conclusion The major factors of these centenarians' good health and longevity were home care, disease prevention and early treatment, persisting in moderate exercises, enough sleeping, rational diet, rejection of tobacco and drinking control.
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