甲壳动物、昆虫、真菌中甲壳素的提取进展

摘要

甲壳素/壳聚糖是一种应用广泛可降解高分子材料，广泛存在于虾蟹壳、昆虫外骨骼、真菌细胞壁。随着甲壳素在医学、食品等方面的研究，甲壳素越来越受到国内外研究者重视。传统生产甲壳素的方法是利用虾蟹壳作为原料，虾蟹壳中甲壳素含量为20%～30%，方法主要包括传统的化学酸碱法，EDTA法及最近几年发展的酶法等。近年来资源昆虫和真菌成为研究开发的重点。从昆虫中提取甲壳素多采用酸碱法，但又不同于从虾蟹中提取方法。在真菌中，甲壳素和壳聚糖相互紧密交织存在于细胞壁中，通常以虾蟹壳中用酸碱法提取甲壳素的方法为基础，作一些改进。针对甲壳素来源不同的特点，介绍了制备甲壳素的不同工艺，为综合开发利用资源提供了参考。%Chitin is widely found in shrimp shells , the exoskeletons of insects , and fungal cell walls. The traditional production method of chitin is the use of shrimp shells as raw material , chitin in shrimp shells accounts for 20%to 30%, including traditional acid-base chemical method, EDTA technique, and the way of enzyme solution in recent years. Resource insects and fungi was becoming the focus of research and development in recent years. Insects have the characteristics of higher protein content and lower inorganic salt content. We frequently make use of acid-base method to extract chitin from insect , but the plan is not as like as shrimp shells. Chitin and chitosan closely intertwined with each other exist in the cell wall in fungi. we make some improvement according to the acid-base method to extract them.