榆林窟第3窟五护佛母图像研究

摘要

There is a group of five unidentified figures above the Durgatipari odhana Ma ala that occupies the west panel on the south wall of Yulin cave 3. By exploring selected Sanskrit literature, including two famous 12th century sādhana compendiums, Sādhanamālā and Ni hpannayogāvalīas as well as their Tibetan translations, this paper identifies the five figures as Pañcarak ā. It also further discusses the iconographic composition and features of this depiction of Pañcarak ā through a comparative research of this group and other Pañcarak āimages from Nepal, Tibet, and Tangut in China. All the Tangut Pañcarak āimages seen today are identical to the depiction of Sādhana No.206 in Sādhanamālā, which may because of the high esteem held for Ba ri Lo tSāba and other Sakya masters within this iconographic system.%本文通过梳理《成就法鬘》、《究竟瑜伽鬘》这两部12世纪左右成书的梵文成就法集及其在藏文大藏经中对应的相关仪轨文本，分析了榆林窟第3窟南壁西侧恶趣清净曼荼罗上方的五护佛母，并结合尼泊尔、西藏和西夏的同题材造像分析了榆林第3窟五护佛母图像的构成内容与特征。迄今可见的所有西夏五护佛母图像志特征，均与《成就法鬘》第206篇一系的记述吻合，或与巴哩译师以及萨迦派历代高僧对该系造像的推崇密切相关。