未完成的“自然社会”：现代社会的人性基础与规范构成

摘要

Natural Society intends to investigate the doctrine of human nature and normativity articulated by Thomas Hobbes and other members of the modern natural law school concerning the constitution of modern moral world . The state of Nature ,natural rights or natural law ,and social contract are three decisive moments of modern moral order .The theory of natural state advanced by Hobbes and Grotius , synthesized the apparent opposite self‐love and sociability and thus provided a starting point for modern moral philosophy .The state of nature ,as moral space ,should not be understood a normative order with the natural or objective measure beyond subjective natural rights .In the modern world , normativity is made simultaneously with the social contract which constitutes the Leviathan .%对于《自然社会》关注的现代社会的规范性秩序问题，自然状态、自然法与建国契约是三个主要环节。对该书的批评也集中在这三个方面：自然状态与人性论，自然状态的道德性质，以及政治社会与规范秩序的奠基关系。自然状态学说通过自爱与社会性建立的自然社会性是理解现代社会道德关系的出发点。在考虑现代社会丰富和充实这一道德关系的努力之前，应当先理解人是如何成为一个孤独的陌生人的。从这一自爱的社会性出发，《自然社会》将霍布斯笔下的自然状态理解为道德空间乃至法权状态，但并不同意这一空间是具有内在道德尺度或客观道德科学基础的规范性秩序。作为现代国家规范性基础的道德尺度是与政治社会同步奠立的。