Objective To evaluate the effect of cesarean section (CS) and vaginal delivery (VD) on postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic floor muscles strength and to find out the correlated obstetric factors and preventions for postpartum SUI. Methods Totally, 788 women, who visited the antenatal clinics, delivered and had the follow-up at 6-8 weeks after delivery in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in the year of 2008, were enrolled in this study and were divided into 3 groups: CS group (n=212); normal vaginal delivery (NVD) group (n=534) and forceps delivery (FD) group(n=42). Women in the NVD and FD group were merged into one VD group and then divided into SUI and non-SUI group. Information of delivery mode and the correlated obstetric factors were obtained through questionnaires and medical records. Femiscan pelvic floor muscle examine system was applied to measure the pelvic floor muscle strength to understand the relationship between postpartum SUI and pelvic floor muscle strength. Results (1) Incidence of SUI: The overall proportion of women who complained of urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy was 15.4% (121/788), and it was 15.9% (85/534), 11.9%(5/ 42) and 14.6% (31/212) in the NVD, FD and CS group, respectively(P>0.05). The overall incidence of postpartum SUI was 17. 1% (135/788), and it was 19.1% (102/534), 26.2% (11/42) and 10.4% (22/212) in the NVD, FD and CS group, respectively, with significant difference between the NVD and FD group, and between the CS and NVD group (all P < 0.01). (2) The associated obstetric factors of postpartum SUI: Among the VD group, 113 women were in the postpartum SUI group and 463 in the non-SUI group. Univariate analysis and logistic multivariate analysis showed that delivery mode, neonatal birth weight and UI during pregnancy were risk factors of postpartum SUI. CS decreased and higher neonatal birth weight and UI during pregnancy increased the risk of postpartum SUI. In the VD group, neonatal birth weight, forceps delivery and UI during pregnancy increased the incidence of postpartum SUI(P<0.01), but no correlation was found with labor analgesia, duration of labor, episiotomy, breast feeding, volume of postpartum bleeding, gestational weeks at delivery, induction and pre-pregnant BMI, etc (all P>0.05).(3) Pelvic floor electromyogram: Pelvic floor muscles strength in the CS group was significantly higher than that of the VD group [activity value: (19. 7±9.9) μv vs (14. 8±8.4) μv; work value: (84. 5±37.2) μv vs (78. 8±28.2) μv; peak value: (25.5±12. 5) μv vs (19. 7±11.8) μv, all P<0.01]. Among women in the VD group, the relaxation value and the ratio of relaxation value over activity value (r/a) in the postpartum SUI group were significantly lower than those in the non-SUI group [relaxation value: (1.7±1.8) μv vs (3.0±3.9) μv; r/a ratio: 0. 2±0. 2 vs 0. 3±0. 5, all P <0.01]. The r/a ratio in the VD group showed no difference compared to that in the CS group (0. 2±3.5 vs 0. 2±0. 2, P>0.05).Conclusion Women experienced vaginal delivery, either NVD or FD, have a higher incidence of postpartum SUI than those delivered through CS. UI during pregnancy, forceps delivery and neonatal birth weight are risk factors of postpartum SUI.%目的 探讨不同分娩方式对孕产妇发生尿失禁的影响和阴道分娩后发生产后压力性尿失禁(SUI)的相关因素.方法 选择2008年1-12月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院行产前检查并于分娩后6～8周复查的孕产妇788例.根据分娩方式不同分为剖宫产组212例、阴道顺产组534例、产钳助产组42例,将阴道顺产组和产钳助产组孕产妇合计后统计尿失禁发生情况.采用问卷调查方式了解各组孕产妇分娩方式及其与分娩有关的产科因素对产后SUI发生的影响.并使用盆底肌电图检测各组孕产妇盆底肌强度,了解产后SUI发生与盆底肌肉强度的关系.结果 (1)尿失禁发生率:孕期尿失禁总的发生率为15.4%(121/788),其中阴道顺产组为15.9%(85/534),产钳助产组为11.9%(5/42),剖宫产组为14.6%(31/212),3组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).产后6～8周SUI总的发生率为17.1%(135/788),其中阴道顺产组为19.1%(102/534),产钳助产组为26.2%(11/42),剖宫产组为10.4%(22/212).阴道顺产组产后SUI发生率明显低于产钳助产组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);剖宫产组产后SUI发生率明显低于阴道顺产组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(2)不同产科因素对产后SUI的影响:阴道顺产组和产钳助产组孕产妇共发生尿失禁113例,未发生尿失禁463例,将尿失禁发生与否两类孕产妇的一般情况和产科因素进行单因素分析和logistic多元回归分析,了解其对产后SUI的影响.结果显示,分娩方式、新生儿出生体质量、孕期发生尿失禁是产后SUI的主要影响因素.剖宫产术可使产后SUI发病率降低(P<0.01),新生儿出生体质量增加、孕期发生尿失禁可使产后SUI的发生风险加大.对阴道分娩组和产钳助产组孕产妇分析发现,新生儿出生体质量增加、产钳助产、孕期发生尿失禁与产后SUI发病率升高有关(P均<0.01);而与分娩镇痛、产程时间、会阴侧切、产后哺乳、产后出血量、分娩孕周、引产与否、孕前体质量等无明显相关(P均>0.05).(3)盆底肌电图检测结果:剖宫产组孕产妇盆底肌活力值为(19.7±9.9)μv,做功值为(84.5±37.2)μv,峰值为(25.5±12.5)μv,均高于阴道顺产组和产钳助产组[两组均值为:活力值(14.8±8.4)μv、做功值(78.8±28.2)μv、峰值(19.7±11.8)μv].两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01).阴道顺产组和产钳助产组中尿失禁孕产妇盆底肌放松值[均值为(1.7±1.8)μv]较非尿失禁孕产妇[均值为(3.0±3.9)μv]低,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).尿失禁孕产妇放松值与活力值(r/a)比值为0.2±0.2,非尿失禁孕产妇r/a比值为0.3±0.5,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).阴道顺产组和产钳助产组孕产妇r/a比值为0.2±3.5,虽高于剖宫产组(0.2±0.2),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 产钳助产及阴道顺产产妇的产后SUI发生率高于剖宫产.孕期发生尿失禁、产钳助产、新生儿出生体质量增加是产后SUI发生的高危因素.
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