神奇的表面张力

摘要

In our daily life, agriculture and industry, surface tension causes a lot of interesting physical phenomena. In this article, the physical mechanism of surface tension, and several magical behaviors induced by surface tension are introduced. These phenomena includes the spherical liquid dew, the liquid film, the needle and small creatures floating on water surface, the raft formed by clustered ants, the lotus effect, and the special feeding mechanism of shorebirds, etc. These surface tension-induced phenomena are beneficial to learn from nature, and provide some inspirations to design new-typed devices in the use of biomimetic technology.%在日常生活和工农业生产中,表面张力引起大量有趣的物理现象.笔者介绍了表面张力的物理本质,并综述了自然界中表面张力引起的几个新奇现象,例如球状露珠、液膜、浮在水面的针和水面运动小动物、抱团蚂蚁筏子、荷叶超疏水、以及水鸟的特殊摄食机制等.这些表面张力诱发的现象为我们向自然界学习并仿生制造新型的工具提供了重要的思路.