老年患者医院获得性肺炎耐药性临床分析

摘要

Objective To analyze the bacterial distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria in elderly patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) so as to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics. Methods The clinical data of 160 elderly patients with HAP in our hospital from June 2006 to September 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. And the pathogenic characteristics and antibiotic resistance were analyzed. Results A total of 180 pathogenic bacteria were separated: 108 Gram-negative bacteria (60.0%), 48 Gram-positive bacteria (26.7%) and 24 fungi (13.3%). In Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the major pathogen (20.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus was the most prominent in Gram-positive bacteria (11.1%).The detection rate of fungi was increased in patients with long-term use of antibiotics and broadspectrum antibiotics. The Gram-negative bacilli was resistant to third-generation cephalosporin, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were resistant to penicillin, penicillin + enzyme inhibitor, cephalosporin and monobactam antibiotics. The drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was severe, but it was still sensitive to Ceftazidime. Gramnegative bacteria showed high sensitivities to Amikacin, Piperacillin + Tazobactam, Cefoperazone +Sulbactam, Imipenem and Meropenem. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) occupied 92.6% of Staphylococcal aureus. The resistance rates of Gram-positive bacteria to Azithromycin,Ciprofloxacin, Oxacillin, Ampicillin + Sulbactam were all higher than 76%, but Gram-positive bacteria showed high sensitivities to Vancomycin, Linezolid and Teicoplanin. The staphylococcal strains that were resistant to Vancomycin, Linezolid and Teicoplanin were not found. Conclusions The major pathogen of HAP in elderly patients is Gram-negative bacilli. The detection rate of ESBLs producing Escherichia coil and Klebsiella pneumonia increases annually, and the drug resistances to the above bacteria is becoming more and more serious. But they are still highly sensitive to Amikacin,Piperacillin+ Tazobactam, Cefoperazone+ Sulbactam, Imipenem and Meropenem. The appropriate antibiotics for Gram-positive bacterial infections are Vancomycin, Linezolid and Teicoplanin.%目的 分析老年患者医院获得性肺炎致病菌的菌群分布及其对抗生素的耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 对我院2006年6月至2009年9月160例老年患者医院获得性肺炎的临床资料进行回顾性分析,明确病原学特点及对抗生素的耐药情况.结果 共分离出180株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌108株(60.0%),革兰阳性菌48株(26.7%),真菌24株(13.3%).革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高(20.5%),革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌检出率最高(11.1%).长期使用抗生素、广谱抗生素的慢性患者真菌检出率增高.革兰阴性杆菌对三代头孢菌素均耐药,产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、青霉素+酶抑制剂、头孢菌素类和单酰胺类抗生素均耐药,铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,但对头孢他啶尚敏感.革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林+他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮+舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美洛培南的敏感性较高.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占92.6%,革兰阳性菌对阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、氨苄西林、氨苄西林+舒巴坦的耐药率多在76%以上,而对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁敏感性高,尚未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁的葡萄球菌菌株.结论 老年患者医院获得性肺炎以革兰阴性杆菌为优势菌株,产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌呈逐年增高趋势,且耐药性日趋严重,其对阿米卡星、哌拉西林+他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮+舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美洛培南敏感性较高.革兰阳性球菌感染宜用万古霉素、利奈唑胺或替考拉宁.