“三江并流”自然遗产地金沙江流域居民区蚊类物种多样性与多度空间分布格局及其关系

摘要

本文调查和探讨我国西南山地蚊类物种多样性与多度的空间分布格局及其关系.以滇西北“三江并流”自然遗产地金沙江流域(北纬26°00′～28°30′；东经99°00′～101°00′和海拔1 500～3 500 m之间)为调查研究的空间范围,应用灯诱法对16个乡镇居民区蚊类多样性进行调查取样、统计和分析.结果共捕获蚊类2亚科6属37种共63 036只,其中,三带喙库蚊Culex.tritaeniorhynchus不仅数量多且分布较广,为优势蚊种；希氏库蚊Cx.theileri、致倦库蚊Cx.pipiensquingue fasciatus和中华按蚊Anopheles.sinensis分布广泛或数量相对较多,为常见蚊种,他们为当地的主要蚊种.调查发现,金沙江流域蚊类物种丰富度和物种多样性指数的沿纬度和海拔的分布基本呈中部高两头低的单峰分布格局.蚊类物种多样性与密度、主要蚊种多度之间关系分析显示:1)三带喙库蚊多度与蚊类密度(r =0.919)和生态优势度(r=0.768)之间呈显著正相关,而与物种多样性(r=-0.887)和均匀度(r=-0.898)之间呈显著负相关；2)蚊类密度与物种多样性(r=-0.747)和均匀度指数(r=- 0.756)之间呈显著负相关,而与生态优势度(r=0.764)呈显著正相关；3)希氏库蚊多度与物种多样性(r =0.644)、均匀度(r=0.721)呈显著正相关,而与生态优势度(r=-0.615)、密度(r=-0.566)和三带喙库蚊多度(r=-0.640)呈负相关；4)致倦库蚊和中华按蚊的多度仅与三带喙库蚊(r=- 0.497、- 0.177)呈负相关外,它们与密度、物种多样性、均匀度、生态优势度和希氏库蚊多度之间关系均不明显；5)蚊类密度、主要蚊种多度与物种丰富度之间的关系均不明显.结果表明,金沙江流域蚊类物种多样性沿纬度和海拔的分布基本为单峰分布格局,其分布格局与蚊类密度和主要蚊种多度相关.其中,优势种三带喙库蚊多度主导了金沙江流域蚊类的密度、生态优势度及物种多样性的变化趋势和分布格局；其次,常见种希氏库蚊多度对当地蚊类密度、生态优势度和物种多样性的格局和变化具有重要作用.%order to probe and investigate the relationship between species diversity and temper spatial distribution pattern of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in mountainous residential area in Southwest China, an investigation on mosquito was carried out along Jinsha River in the natural protected territory, "Three Parallel River Region" of Yunnan Province. Adult mosquito samples were trapped using UV light traps at 16 sampling sites (latitude; 26°00'-28°30'N, altitude; 1 500-3 500 m). A total of 63 036 mosquitoes were collected and identified as 37 species of 6 genera in 2 subfamilies. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was dominant species. Cx. theileri, Cx. pipiensquingue fasciatus and An. sinensis were common species. Species richness and diversity index of mosquitoes along latitude and altitude gradients generally appeared highest at middle value, and lowest in lower as well as higher latitude and altitude gradients. The results showed; 1) Cx. tritaeniorhynchus has very significantly positive correlation with mosquitoes density and ecological dominance, however, it was very significantly negative correlation with species diversity; 2) Mosquitoes density and species diversity had very significantly negative correlation with Pielou index E, significantly positive correlation with ecological dominance; 3 ) Cx. theileri abundance had very significantly positive correlation with species diversity, however, there was a negative correlation between ecological dominance, density and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus abundance; 4) Cx. pipiensquingue fasciatus and An. sinensis abundance had a negative correlation with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Otherwise, they were not relevant to species diversity (H', E) , ecological dominance, density and Cx. theileri abundance; 5 ) The relationship between mosquitoes density, main mosquitoes abundance and richness were not obvious. Distribution patterns of mosquitoes species diversity along latitude and altitude gradients generally appeared highest at middle value, and lowest in lower as well as higher latitude and altitude gradients, which was relevant to main mosquitoes abundance and density. In addition, C. tritaeniorhynchus leaded the changing tendency and distribution pattern of the diversity, density and ecological dominance of mosquitoes. Cx. theileri abundance influence the density, ecological dominance of mosquitoes and distribution pattern of species diversity.