入侵植物刺苍耳在新疆的分布及其群落特征

摘要

Xanthium spinosum is an asteraceae plant from the South America,However,it was firstly found in Yining County,Xinjiang,China in 2009. This paper was investigated about 40 (cities) counties ranging from north to south of Xinjiang where X. spinosum probably occurred. We were also used the quadrate method to observe and analyze the abundance,frequentness and importance value of X. spinosum in the 23 well-concentrated sample plots of different habitats;thus,the distribution areas and community characteristics of X. spinosum in Xinjiang were identified, and the optimum habitat of this species was also determined. Our results indicated that:(l)X. spinosum distributed in Changji City,Yining City,Yining County, Gongliu County,Tekes County,Xinyuan County,Chabuchar County,Huocheng County and Nileke County of Xinjiang at present. The altitude of its distribution areas ranged from 597 - 1 834 m. The types of its habitats included desert grassland and oasis. (2)In the two habitats,the relative abundances of X. spinosum was the most of all the plants,and the maximum value occurred in the oasis. Thus,X. spinosum was considered as the most important species in the invaded areas. Moreover,relative coverage of X. spinosum was the greatest in all the plants in its distribution areas,and the order of relative coverage of this species was the oasis (46. 83%)>desert grassland(43. 00%). (3)The analysis of important values of X. spinosum indicated that the comprehensive adaptability of this species was the highest in the two habitats, particularly in the oasis that it was invaded easily. In conclusion,the endangerment of X. spinosum was still in partial phase in desert grassland of Xinjiang,but this species almost spread in the oasis. Therefore,the relative departments should be attached it importance to prevent and control,do not let it continued to expand and spread.%刺苍耳是原产于南美洲的菊科植物,2009年首次在新疆的伊宁县发现.于2010～2011年对新疆南北疆近40个县(市)中刺苍耳可能出现的区域进行调查,并采用样方法,对不同生境中刺苍耳分布相对集中的23个样地所有物种的多度、频度和重要值进行了观测和分析,以明确刺苍耳在新疆的分布区及其群落特征,为有效防治其扩散提供依据.结果显示:(1)刺苍耳分布于新疆的昌吉市、伊宁市、伊宁县、巩留县、特克斯县、新源县、察布查尔县、霍城县和尼勒克县,分布区海拔597～1834 m,生境类型包括荒漠草原和绿洲.(2)刺苍耳在荒漠草原和绿洲生境中的相对多度均处于首位,且在绿洲中达到最大值,为入侵区域最重要的物种；刺苍耳在2种生境中的相对盖度均为第一,且绿洲(46.83％)大于荒漠草原(43.00％).(3)刺苍耳在2种生境中的综合适应力均最强,在绿洲中尤为突出,是其最易入侵的区域.研究表明,刺苍耳在新疆荒漠草原生境中尚处于局部危害阶段,但在绿洲中已处于蔓延期.