Creating Expansive Learning Environments: Abstract Thought Promotes Social Learning Across Psychological Distance

摘要

While those we learn from are often close to us, more and more our learning environments are shifting to include more distant and dissimilar others. The question I examine in six studies is how whom we learn from influences what we learn and how what we learn influences from whom we choose to learn it. In Study 1, I show that social learning, in and of itself, promotes higher level (more abstract) learning than does learning based on one's own direct experience. In Studies 2 and 3, I show that when people learn from and emulate others, they tend to do so at a higher level when learning from a distant model than from a near model. Studies 4 and 5 show that thinking about learning at a higher (compared to a lower) level leads individuals to expand the range of others that they will consider learning from. Study 6 shows that when given an actual choice, people prefer to learn low level information from near sources and high level information from distant sources. In Studies 7 and 8, I find that, contrary to my predictions, direct learners are better able to recognize the global consequences of a given action in a repeated choice task than are social learners. However, in these studies, I demonstrate that social learners do display a marked tendency to emulate the overall choices of someone that they observed completing a novel task. The goal of this research is to demonstrate a basic link between abstraction and psychological distance in social learning processes.