Photophysical and Electronic Properties of Low-Bandgap Semiconducting Polymers.

摘要

In this Ph.D. work, we investigate the optoelectronic properties of low-bandgap semiconducting polymers and project the potential for employing these materials in electronic and photonics devices, with a particular emphasis on use in organic solar cells.;The bandgap of these semiconducting polymers is determined by the chemical structure, and therefore can be tailored through synthesis if the relevant structure-property relationships are well-understood. The materials studied in this work, a new series of Poly(thienylenevinylene) (PTV) derivatives, posses lower band gaps than conventional polymers through a design that incorporates aromatic-quinoid structural disturbances. This type of chemical structure delocalizes the electronic structure along the polymer backbone and reduces the energy of the lowest excited-state leading to a smaller band-gap. We investigate these materials through a variety of techniques including linear spectroscopy such as absorption and photoluminescence, pump-probe techniques like cw-photoinduced absorption and transient photo-induced absorption, and the non-linear electroasborption technique in order to interrogate the consequences of the delocalized electronic structure and its response to optical stimuli. We additionally consider the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, solvents and chemical doping agents. During the course of these investigations, we consider both of the two primary categorical descriptions of structure-property relationships for polymers within the molecular exciton model, namely the role of inter-molecular interactions on the electronic properties through the variation of supermolecular order and the fundamental determination of electronic structure due to specific intra-molecular interaction along the backbone of the polymer chain. We show that the dilution of aromaticity in semiconducting polymers, while being a viable means of reducing the optical band gap, results in a significant increase in the role of electron-electron interactions in determining the electronic properties. This is observed to be detrimental for device performance as the highly polarizable excited state common to polymers gives way to highly correlated state that extinguishes both the emissive properties and more importantly for solar cells, the charge-generating characteristics. This situation is shown to be predominant regardless of the nature of interchain interactions. We therefore show that the method of obtaining low-bandgap polymers here comes along with costly side-effects that inhibit their efficient application in solar cells.;Further, we directly probe the efficacy of these materials in the common bulk-heterojunction architecture with both spectroscopy and device characterization in order to determine the limiting and beneficial factors. We show that, while from the point of view of absorption of solar radiation these low-bandgap polymers are more suited for solar cells, the ability to convert the absorbed photons into electron-hole pairs and generate electricity is lacking, due to the internal conversion into the highly correlated state and thus, the absorbed photon energy is lost. For completeness, we fabricate devices and verify that both the charge-transport properties and alignment of charge extraction levels with those of the contacts can not be responsible for the dramatic decrease in efficiency found from these devices as compared to other higher band gap polymers. We thus conclusively determine that the lack of power converison efficiency is governed by the inefficiency of charge-generation resulting from the intrinsic defective molecular structures rendering a low-lying optically forbidden state below the lowest optical allowed state that consumes the majority of the photogenerated excitons. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).