The automatic recognition of gestures.

摘要

Gesture-based interfaces, in which the user specifies commands by simple freehand drawings, offer an alternative to traditional keyboard, menu, and direct manipulation interfaces. The ability to specify objects, an operation, and additional parameters with a single intuitive gesture makes gesture-based systems appealing to both novice and experienced users.; Unfortunately, the difficulty in building gesture-based systems has prevented such systems from being adequately explored. This dissertation presents work that attempts to alleviate two of the major difficulties: the construction of gesture classifiers and the integration of gestures into direct-manipulation interfaces. Three example gesture-based applications were built to demonstrate this work.; Gesture-based systems require classifiers to distinguish between the possible gestures a user may enter. In the past, classifiers have often been hand-coded for each new application, making them difficult to build, change, and maintain. This dissertation applies elementary statistical pattern recognition techniques to produce gesture classifiers that are trained by example, greatly simplifying their creation and maintenance. Both single-path gestures (drawn with a mouse or stylus) and multiple-path gestures (consisting of the simultaneous paths of multiple fingers) may be classified. On a 1 MIPS workstation, a 30-class single-path recognizer takes 175 milliseconds to train (once the examples have been entered), and classification takes 9 milliseconds, typically achieving 97% accuracy. A method for classifying a gesture as soon as it is unambiguous is also presented.; This dissertation also describes GRANDMA, a toolkit for building gesture-based applications based on Smalltalk's Model/View/Controller paradigm. Using GRANDMA, one associates sets of gesture classes with individual views or entire view classes. A gesture class can be specified at runtime by entering a few examples of the class, typically 15. The semantics of a gesture class can be specified at runtime via a simple programming interface. Besides allowing for easy experimentation with gesture-based interfaces, GRANDMA sports a novel input architecture, capable of supporting multiple input devices and multi-threaded dialogues. The notion of virtual tools and semantic feedback are shown to arise naturally from GRANDMA's approach.