FPGA design methodologies for high-performance applications.

摘要

Many mainstream electronic systems in applications such as digital signal processing (DSP), networking and wireless communications require performance, size, cost and power consumption which is beyond that achievable with a single microprocessor. In such cases, particularly those in which fine grained parallelism can offer a performance advantage, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based coprocessor is often used. As the non-recurrent engineering costs of ASICs continue to rise and the density of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) continues to improve, FPGAs are claiming a larger and larger share of the coprocessor market. Furthermore, FPGAs have advantages of field upgradeability and faster development time over ASICs.; Realizing an FPGA-based coprocessor system poses many challenges and this thesis addressed three issues in designing an FPGA coprocessor. Firstly, as programming and hardware design are predominately treated as different entities, tools for developers not intimately familiar with hardware design to translate a software implementation to hardware can greatly improve productivity. Secondly, resources on an FPGA device are limited so designers should be able to explore the tradeoff between area and performance using differing degrees of parallelism. Thirdly, as the execution of a program is divided into two interconnected portions, the interfacing issue between the two entities need to be addressed.; In this dissertation, a high level FPGA coprocessor design system which can automatically translate a high level floating-point algorithmic description into an optimized FPGA hardware/software co-design system was developed. This system utilizes two commonly used but seldom simultaneously applied design methodologies, namely floating to fixed-point conversion and digit-serial computation. The system takes a floating-point dataflow algorithmic description and translates it into a fixed-point design via a simulation-based optimization. The optimizer assigns a wordlength and digit size to each individual variable while minimizing a cost function which takes into account the tradeoff between performance and area. The optimizer achieves a design which would be too tedious for a designer to perform manually, and which optimally meets the requirements. In order to achieve a high performance FPGA coprocessor system, a further consideration is the speed of the bus which connects the FPGA to the microprocessor. A memory slot based coprocessor was developed which achieves significantly improved performance over the standard peripheral bus.; The above techniques were applied to a number of applications in image processing, cryptography, rendering and auditory signal processing. In each application, the approach was shown to offer a considerable performance improvement over the standard approach.