El determinismo ambiental en la narrativa indigenista peruana: 1880--1940 (Clorinda Matto de Turner, Ventura Garcia Calderon, Enrique Lopez Albujar, Luis Valcarcel, Spanish text).

摘要

In this study, I analyze the influence of the European theory of Environmental Determinism on the works of Peruvian indigenista writers, from the end of the nineteenth century until 1940. I compare the literary works of Clorinda Matto de Turner, Ventura García Calderón, Enrique López Albújar, and Luis Valcárcel with texts written by European supporters of Environmental Determinism and by Peruvian students and academic leaders who were influenced by the theory. The analysis of the way indigenistas applied Environmental Determinism to their representations of racial and spacial hierarchies, points out a contradiction in their hierarchical evaluation of the Indian race.; In the first chapter, I provide an overview of the most important European exponents of Environmental Determinism, including the works of Henry Buckle, Hippolyte Taine, Friedrich Ratzel, and Victor Cousin. I follow that with a section on some works by Peruvian intellectuals who applied Environmental Determinism to their theories on Peru's geography and history. In the second chapter, I analyze the works of Clorinda Matto de Turner and Ventura García Calderón, paying special attention to the role of morality in their definitions of race. In Matto's work I focus on the way she charges the environment with moral connotations while describing Lima and the highlands. In García Calderon's short stories, I analyze how the Indian and the highlands appear as the “other” to the Limeño eyes. The third chapter deals with the works of Enrique López Albújar and Luis Valcárcel. I focus on the similarities they find when representing the Indian race. I also examine the hegemonic hierarchies of civilization these authors attribute to Indians and mestizos. I finish with El hechizo de Tomaiquichua, a novel by López Albújar that offers a new vision of the roles of race and culture in the nation's politics.