汉英因果连词语法化的对比研究——以“因为”和because为例

摘要

作为典型的关联词之一，汉英因果连词有着各自的语法化过程，并且在此过程中体现出共性和差异。本文基于语法化理论以及各时期的语料，具体分析了三个问题:(1)汉语因果连词（因为）的语法化过程是什么？(2)英语因果连词(because)的语法化过程是什么？(3)汉英因果连词语法化过程中产生的句法特征、语义特征和语用特征的共性与差异以及其语法化动因是什么？研究结果揭示如下:
　　(1)研究汉语因果连词因为的语法化过程主要分为三个时期:上古汉语时期、中古汉语时期、现代汉语时期。因的虚词用法是从实词义引申而来的，先秦早期便已产生，可作介词和连词。介词因的用法从古至今一直沿用下来，变化不大;连词因随着汉语词汇逐渐复音化的趋势，渐渐被因为因而因此等复音词所取代，但在现代汉语书面语中仍偶或使用。
　　(2)英语because的语法化过程更简单，可以说是一步到位，主要分为两个时期:古英语时期和现代英语时期。because来源于法语，后演变为英语中的合成连词。最初在句子中引导的从句，到14世纪末作为一个功能词存在，渐渐出现其简写形式。而到了现代英语中，because主要属于连词，但有时候也做副词使用。
　　(3)汉英因果连词在语法化过程中共同之处在于二者都由实词虚化而来，句法约束性都加强，出现了语音弱化语法化特征，且它们的虚化过程都具有单向性特征。语法化机制方面体现了明显的重新分析和类推，且它们的语法化过程都体现了语法化斜坡、并存原则和择一原则。隐喻和转喻是汉英因果连词产生语法化共性的认知动因。语言的外部运用，特别是语用法的语法化经济规律，也促进了汉英因果连词语法化。汉英因果连词的差异首先体现在语法化阶段特征上，二者的结构特征不能逐一对应。其次，因为语法化过程中更受类推机制的影响，隐喻是其重要认知动因。because则更受重新分析机制的影响，转喻为重要认知动因。另外，语法化中的自主性规律，即主观化，也导致汉英因果连词在语法化过程中其结构、句法等的差异。
　　本文是基于语法化理论对汉英因果连词语法化对比进行的研究，通过对文献的研读和学习发现了以往研究的不足之处，并由此得出了自己的研究视角。

目录

Abstract

摘要

Contents

Introduction

0．1 Background of the Question

0．2 Research Content

0．3 Research Methodology

0．4 Research Questions

0．5 Research Significance

0．6 Thesis Frame

Chapter One Literature Review

1．1 Syntactic Features of Chinese and English Causal Conjunctions

1．2 Semantic Features of Chinese and English Causal Conjunctions

1．3 Pragmatic Features of Chinese and English Causal Conjunctions

Chapter Two Grammaticalization

2．1 Definition of Grammaticalization

2．2 Characteristics of Grammaticalization

2．2．1 Unidirectional Characteristic

2．2．2 Semantic Bleach

2．3 Mechanisms of Grammaticalization

2．3．1 Reanalysis

2．3．2 Analogy

2．4 Principles of Grammaticalization

2．4．1 Unidirectional Principle

2．4．2 Coexistent Principle

2．4．3 Alternative Principle

2．5 Motivations of Grammaticalization

2．5．1 Language Internal Motivations

2．5．2 Cognitive Motivations

2．5．3 Pragmatic Motivations

2．6 Rules of Grammaticalization of Pragmatic Principles

2．6．1 Autonomy Rule of Grammaticalization

2．6．2 Economic Rule of Grammaticalization

Chapter Three Grammaticalization Process of Chinese Causual Conjunctions

3．1 Syntactic Features of yin in Ancient Times

3．2 Semantic Features of yin in Ancient Times

3．3 Pragmatic Features of yin in Ancient Times

3．4 Syntactic Features of yin and yin wei in Middle Ancient Times

3．4．1 Prepositions or conjunctions used singly

3．4．2 Prepositions or conjunctions used combinedly

3．5 Semantic Features of yin and yin wei in Middle Ancient Times

3．6 Pragmatic Features of yin and yin wei in Middle Ancient Times

3．7 Syntactic Features of yin wei in Modern Times

3．7．1 Matching Modes

3．7．2 Matching Objects

3．7．3 Applying Sentence Categories

3．8 Semantic Features of yin wei in Modern Times

3．8．1 Reality

3．8．2 Motivation

3．8．3 Directivity

3．9 Pragmatic Features of yin wei in Modern Times

3．9．1 Emotional Tendency

3．9．2 Writing Type Analysis

3．9．3 Cohesive Function

Chapter Four Grammaticalization Process of English Causual Conjunctions

4．1 Syntactic Features of by cause in Ancient Times

4．2 Semantic Features of by cause in Ancient Times

4．3 Pragmatic Features of by cause in Ancient Times

4．4 Syntactic Features of because in Modern Times

4．4．1 The Position of Comma

4．4．2 From Hypotaxis to Coordination Structure

4．4．3 Sentence-initial Position

4．5 Semantic Features of because iU Modern Times

4．5．1 Reality

4．5．2 Motivation

4．5．3 Directivity

4．6 Pragmatic Features of because in Modern Times

4．6．1 Emotional Tendency

4．6．2 Cohesive Function

Chapter Five Contrast of Syntactic，Semantic and Pragmatic Features of yin wei and because

5．1 Similarities of Syntactic Features ofyin wei and because

5．1．1 Syntactic Grammaticalization Process

5．1．2 Grammaticalization Motivations

5．2 Differences of Syntactic Featu res of yin wei and because

5．2．1 Different Combinations and Structures

5．2．2 Different Syntactic Patterns

5．3 Similarities of Semantic Features of yin wei and because

5．4 Differences of Semantic Features of yin wei and because

5．4．1 Different Original Semantic Meanings and Processes

5．4．2 Different Semantic Emphasis towards“Cause’’

5．5 Similarities of Pragmatic Features of yin wei and because

5．6 Differences of Pragmatic Features of yin wei and because

5．7 Grammaticalization Motivations of yin wei and because

5．7．1 Metaphor

5．7．2 Metonymy

5．8 Rules of Grammaticalization of Pragmatic Principles

5．8．1 Autonomy Rule of Grammaticalization

5．8．2 Economic Rule of Grammaticalization

Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

声明