声明
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
摘要
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures
List of tables
List of equations
Chapter 1:General Introduction
1.1 Materials science and engineering
1.2 Crystalline and non-crystalline materials
1.3 Material’s Structure
1.4 Types of Materials
1.4.1 Metals
1.4.2 Ceramies
1.4.3 Polymers
1.4.4 Composite Materials
1.5 Modern high-technology materials
1.5.1 Semiconductors
1.5.2 Biomateriais
1.6 Green or sustainable Chemistry
1.7 Nanoseience and nanotechnology
1.7.1 Shape control synthesis of metal/metal oxide nano/microstructures
1.7.2 Application of nano/micromaterials
1.7.3 Palladium(Pd)and S-Pd based materials
1.7.4 Zinc Oxide(ZnO)nano/microstructures
1.8 Characterization
1.8.1 X-ray diffraction or crystallography(XRD)analysis
1.8.2 Electron microscopy
1.8.3 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
1.8.4 Fourier transform infra-red(FTIR)spectroscopy
1.8.5 Ultraviolet-visible and Diffuse Ultraviolet-visible reflectance(UV/DRUV-vis spectra)
1.8.6 Photoluminescence(PL)analysis
1.8.7 Thermogravimetric(TGA)analysis
1.8.8 Brunauer-Emmet Teller(BET)analysis
1.8.9 Pulse CO and H2 chemisorption
1.8.10 Temperature-programmed Reduction(TPR)
1.8.11 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)
1.8.12 Estimation of average particle size
References
Chapter 2:Problem Statements and Hypotheses
2.1 Problem statements
2.1.1 Palladium and palladium based nano/microstruetures
2.1.2 Synthesis of Pd and S-Pd nano/mieromaterials
2.1.3 Morphological control of Pd nanostructures and catalytic application
2.1.4 Motivation and hypotheses
2.2 Problem statements
2.2.1 Zinc Oxide as photocatalyst for degrading organic pollutants
2.2.1 Motivation and Hypotheses
References
Chapter 3:Facile synthesis of porous Pd nanoflowers with commendable catalytic activity towards CO oxidation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Section
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.2 Methods
3.2.3 Charaeterization of PdNFs
3.2.4 Catalytic test
3.3 Results and discussions
3.3.1 TEM and SAED analyses
3.3.2 XRD and XPS analyses
3.3.3 Effeet of PPCs
3.3.4 Efiect of CTAC
3.3.5 Effect of the precursor Pd(NO3)2 concentration
3.3.6 Effect of AA
3.3.7 Formation Mechanism of the PdNFs
3.3.8 Catalytic performance of the bio-PdNFs for CO oxidation
3.3.9 Catalyst stability test
3.4 Conelusion
References
Chapter 4:Ascorbic acid assisted bio-synthesis of Pd-Pt-nanoflowers with enhanced electrochemical properties
4.1.Introduction
4.2 Experimental Section
4.2.1 Materials and reagents
4.2.2 Preparation of the leaf extract
4.2.3 Synthesis of Pd-Pt NFs
4.2.4 Characterizations
4.2.5 Electrocatalytic test
4.3 Results and discussions
4.3.1 Formation mechanism
4.3.2 TEM and STEM analyses
4.3.3 XRD analysis
4.3.4 XPS analysis
4.3.5 FTIR analysis
4.3.6 Electrocatalytic test
4.3.7 Stability tests
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5:Green Synthesis of ZnO superstructures and their sunlight assisted photodegradation of Rhodamine B
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental section
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Synthesis of the ZnOSPs
5.2.3 Photoeatalytic activity
5.2.4 Characterization of the ZnOSPs
5.3 Results and discussions
5.3.1 XRD analysis
5.3.2 TEM,HRTEM and SAED analyses
5.3.3 Effect of leaf extract amount used
5.4.4 Effect of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O concentration used
5.3.5 Effect of pH
5.4.6 Effect of annealing temperature
5.3.7 XPS analysis of ZnOSPs
5.3.8 Observation of the optical properties of the ZnOSPs
5.3.9 FTIR Analysis of the Bio-components in the leaf extract
5.3.10 Thermogravimetric(TGA)analysis
5.3.11 Brunauer-Emmet Teller(BET)
5.3.12 Formation Mechanism of the ZnOMFs
5.3.13 Photocatalytic test
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6:Plant-mediated synthesis of ZnO supported Ni-Pd alloy catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental section
6.2.1 Materials and methods
6.2.2 Synthesis of the Ni-Pd Alloy Nanoparticles and the ZnO,CuOsupport
6.2.3 Catalyst synthesis
6.2.4.Characterization of the Ni-Pd Alloy nanopartieles
6.2.5 Catalyst activity test
6.3 Results and discussions
6.3.1.TEM,HRTEM and SAED Analyses
6.3.2 STEM and EDX Elemental Analyses
6.3.3 XRD Analysis
6.3.4 XPS and DRUV-vis spectra Analyses
6.3.5 FTIR Analysis
6.3.2 Catalytic Activity Evaluation
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7:General conclusions and recommendations
7.1 General Conelusions
7.1.1 Pd and S-Pd
7.1.2 ZnO and nano/mierostructures
7.2 General Recommendations
Publications during studies