Dutch Efforts Towards Sustainable Schools

摘要

In Europe, more than 64 million students and almost 4.5 million teachers work inside a school in pre-primary, primary and secondary schools (EU 2015). School buildings represent a significant part of the building stock (17% of the nonresidential sector in Europe) and also noteworthy part of total energy use (12%). In existing school buildings, there are very often nonoptimized systems in terms of energy consumption. As the results of the energy use of the built environment, which is around 40% of the total energy consumption, become more clear (depletion of fossil fuel and global warming), there is a demand for energy reduction. Sustainability is a crucial issue for our future and architecture has an important role to direct sustainable development. The ultimate goal is to create an energy-neutral built environment. To reduce the high energy demand and pollution of greenhouse gasses, the performance of the buildings has to be improved. The future policy timeline to reach for all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy buildings is ambitious: in 2021 all new buildings should be nZEB, and in 2030 30% of all buildings renovated (after 2015) have to be nZEB. The definition of a 'nearly zero-energy building' is described within the EPBD recast of the EU which specified that by 31st of December 2020, all new buildings shall be 'nearly zero-energy buildings'. Governmental buildings occupied and owned by public authorities will have to be 'nearly zero-energy buildings' by 31st of December 2018 according to the EPBD recast. The actual definition of nZEB is given in Article 9 of the EPBD: 'Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB): Technical and reasonably achievable national energy use of >0 kWh/(m~2y) but no more than a national limit value of non-renewable primary energy, achieved with a combination of best practice energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies which may or may not be cost optimal'.