As trade among countries grows, the performance of container terminals is becoming more important than ever. In this paper, we present a 3D real-time-visualization container-terminal simulation model based on Plant Simulation, a commercial simulation modeling and execution tool. Our model reproduces every detailed behavior of container-terminal equipment, including not only movements of yard tractors and cranes but also those of trolleys, spreaders, and other machinery. Such low-level representation enables our simulation model to be easily visualized in 3D form and to offer real-time interactive capability. We analyzed the performance of container terminals by varying the settings such as the speeds of trolleys and spreaders, in detail. The simulation model in this study is expected to be useful for assessment of the effects of prospective new equipment on the performance of container terminals and, thereby, for decision-making on the implementation of such equipment.
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