The Manifestation of Cultural Tolerance Value of Traditional Ornament: Study on Ornaments of Sendang Duwur Mosque-Graveyard, Lamongan, East Java

摘要

One of the physical culture (artifacts) heritages in the early development of Islamic cultural in Java Island is the site of Sendang Duwur Mosque-Graveyard located in Paciran, Lamongan, East Java. As a sacred Islamic religious building, Sendang Duwur Mosque-Graveyard was visited by many visitors from various regions with a variety of reasons, such as traveling, pilgrimage, and other spiritual reasons. The most interesting phenomenon of Sendang Duwur Mosque-Graveyard was the building gate and the ornamentation. This study aimed to analyze the manifestation message of cultural tolerance value of ornaments object in the mosque building with iconography approach. There are three steps in iconography approach: pre-iconographical description; iconographical analysis; and iconological interpretation. The results of the analysis showed the various form (aesthetic), function, and symbolic meaning in the ornaments of Sendang Duwur Mosque-Graveyard building. In the area of Sunan Sendang Duwur graveyard, there are five gates with the structure and form of the split temple (candi bentar) and paduraksa. One of the gates is a very aesthetic and unique, winged paduraksa gate. The structure and form of these gates were not different from the sacred buildings of another the Hindu-Buddhist temple. There is a distinctive tone of Islamic tradition ornaments with the form or symptoms of calligraphy ornaments, geometric motifs, and arabesque ornaments but its existence is not dominant. Dominant ornaments exactly the motifs and patterns of pre-Islamic traditions, such as sulur-suluran motifs or lung-lungan (vines), motifs with animal patterns (lions, peacock, deer), mythological creatures (dragon, kala-merga, wings), and natural objects (rocks, clouds, mountains). On some gravestone, there are ornaments Surya Majapahit symbol. Overall, the ornament of Sendang Duwur Mosque-Graveyard was a harmony combination of the ornament with the tone of Islamic tradition and pre-Islamic tradition as a manifestation of cultural tolerance value which is respected and live in support society until now.