Traditional display techniques for antibody engineering have two major limitations. Firstly, the antigen binding affinities are normally detected with single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or fragment antigen-binding (Fab). However, the physicochemical properties and expressibilities of those fragments may not correlate with their cognate full-length formats. Secondly, high throughput screening or selections require high quality, soluble recombinant antigen, which can be challenging or even intractable with membrane proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion-channel receptors.
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