Smart Biosensors for Determination of Mycotoxines

摘要

The mycotoxins are biological pollutants. They are toxic metabolites produced by several fungi in foods and feeds. They are probably the best known and most intensively examined mycotoxins in the world. Contamination of foods with mycotoxines can be also object of bioterrorism. Mycotoxins are non-volatile, relative low-weight molecules secondary metabolic products that may affect exposed persons in a variety of ways. These compounds are considered secondary metabolites because they are not necessary for fungal growth and are simply a product of the primary metabolic processes. The functions of mycotoxins have not been totally studied, but it is established that they play a key role in the antagonistic processes concerning microorganisms from the same environment. They are also believed to help parasitic fungi invade host tissues. The amount of toxins needed to produce adverse health effects varies widely among toxins, as well as to each person's immune system. The aim of the present review is to present development of new biosensors for mycotoxines determination in foods, utilizing new polymeric membranes with immobilized enzymes and antibodies. The following investigations concerning biosensors design are presented investigations concerning smart polymer characteristics, based on new synthesized polymers and dendrimers; simultaneously immobilization of mediators, fluorescent dyes and biochemical recognition molecules; amperometric and optical sensors constructions; investigations of the main parameters as a response time, linear range, reproducibility; mathematical models concerning optimization of biosensor measurements are described and compared with standard methods as HPLC and ELISA.