This master class is designed as a practical review of multimodal analgesia for the avian practitioner who sees both captive and/or wildlife patients. The perception of pain in all species is the result of the interaction of transduction, transmission, and modulation in response to thermal, mechanical, or chemical tissue insult. Birds unquestionably possess the anatomic and physiologic apparatus necessary for nociception. But recognizing the perception of pain in individual birds can be clinically challenging, making effective and ongoing treatment problematic. Aside from the ethical considerations, it is incumbent on the clinician to provide analgesia to improve medical and surgical outcomes.
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