THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FUNGAL DISEASES IN CEREALS

摘要

Cereals and processed foods derived trom mem arc me principal source of nutrition in many parts of the world. Wheat is grown on all continents and is the most important cereal crop in the northern hemisphere as well as in Australia and New Zealand. The major wheat producing countries are the PR China, India, USA, France and Russia. In 2002, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on about 214 billion hectares, 9% of which were in western Europe, 13% in North America, 11% in the Russian federation countries, and 45% in Asia. That year, the world wheat production was 573 billion t. With a world-wide average of 2.6t/ha, yield varied between 0.4 t/ha in Rwanda and Venezuela, respectively, and 8.2 t/ha in Belgium and Ireland. In 2002, the wheat yield of western Europe was 5.8 t/ha, or about twice the yield achieved in the United States (2.3 t/ha) and in the Russian federation (2.1 t/ha). These high yields in western Europe are the result of intensified methods of arable farming and plant cultivation, including minimization of losses through use of plant protection products.