Title: Furthering Integrated Water Management: Navigating the Interconnectivity Between Mainstream and Advanced Wastewater Treatment

摘要

Introduction: Integrated water management (IWM) requires a deep understanding and recognition of the linkages among all aspects of water supply, treatment, environmental impact mitigation, and resiliency. Wastewater and water reuse are just two branches of IWM that are intimately linked whose performance is interdependent on one another. Throughout the past century, our efforts in the water industry have shifted from the basics of biological wastewater treatment to focusing on reclaiming water for indirect (IPR) and direct (DPR) potable reuse. The drivers for which are multi-faceted, including: 1. Diversification of water resources 2. Water scarcity due to drought and population growth 3. Increasingly stringent wastewater effluent standards (e.g., nutrients) 4. Limited disposal opportunities (e.g., Florida Ocean Outfall Legislation) 5. Depletion of groundwater resources 6. Ground subsidence