M1 macrophage-loaded hydrogels reduce the viability and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo

摘要

Conclusions: M1-loaded hydrogels can induce apoptosis from the activation of caspase 3 in HCC cells through a combined production of TNFα and nitric oxide due to the upregulation of IDO1. Localized application of M1-loaded hydrogels reduced HCC tumor size, proliferation, and metastasis in mouse models, suggesting clinical viability of M1 macrophage-loaded hydrogels for the localized treatment of HCC.