As seen in the car following model, traditional traffic flow theory assumes that the influence of a car to the peripheral cars is one-directional. More or less, driving action depends on the actions of surrounding cars with each other. this traditional approach has given us useful information to understand the traffic phenomena. This approach is, however, not necessarily sufficient in describing the traffic behavior when the bi-directional influence plays a dominant role in driving actions (e.g. Troutbeck, 1995).
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