Computers are not easy to understand. Even a computer scientist who devotes full time to the field cannot hope to fully comprehend the capabilities, limitations, applications, and implications of these machines. Joseph Weizenbaum, in his recent book
There are many possible computer metaphors. Weizenbaum makes the point that many people have accepted one particular computer metaphor, and that it is a particularly misleading one. Computer scientists think of a computer as a machine that can carry out an effective procedure. The words procedure and effective procedure have meaning to non-computer scientists. They can see that humans carry out procedures, or that many activities of humans can be thought of as execution of effective procedures. The effective procedure computer metaphor thus leads to the belief that humans and computers are quite similar in their capabilities and in the way they solve problems.
计算机不容易理解。即使是全职致力于该领域的计算机科学家也不能希望完全理解这些机器的功能,局限性,应用程序和含义。约瑟夫·魏岑鲍姆(Joseph Weizenbaum)在他最近的《计算机力量与人类理性》(UNDERLINE> Computer Power and Human Reason UNDERLINE>)(1)中提出,大多数人通过他所谓的计算机隐喻来“理解”计算机。魏岑鲍姆引用了I. A.理查兹(I. A. Richards)的话,他说隐喻是“从根本上讲,是思想之间的借用和交往,是上下文之间的交易”。也就是说,隐喻是类比,明喻,模型。它旨在将未知与已知联系起来。 P>
有许多可能的计算机隐喻。 Weizenbaum指出许多人已经接受了一种特定的计算机隐喻,并且认为它是一种特别具有误导性的隐喻。计算机科学家将计算机视为可以执行有效程序的机器。程序和有效程序这两个词对非计算机科学家而言具有意义。他们可以看到人类执行了程序,或者可以将人类的许多活动视为执行有效的程序。因此,有效的过程计算机隐喻导致人们相信,人与计算机在功能和解决问题的方式上都非常相似。 P>
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