ASTM D5526-18 Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under Accelerated Landfill Conditions

在加速填埋条件下测定塑料材料厌氧生物降解的标准试验方法

基本信息

标准号

ASTM D5526-18

标准状态

现行

发布单位或类别

美国-美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM);

发布日期

实施日期

废止日期

CCS分类

ICS分类

13.030.40 废物 - 废物处置和处理设备和装置

研制信息

起草单位

- 展开▼

起草人

归口单位

D20.96

摘要

1.1This test method covers determination of the degree and rate of anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated-landfill test environment. This test method is also designed to produce mixtures of household waste and plastic materials after different degrees of decomposition under conditions that resemble landfill conditions. The test materials are mixed with pretreated household waste and exposed to a methanogenic inoculum derived from anaerobic digesters operating only on pretreated household waste. The anaerobic decomposition occurs under dry (more than 30 % total solids) and static nonmixed conditions. The mixtures obtained after this test method can be used to assess the environmental and health risks of plastic materials that are degraded in a landfill.1.2This test method is designed to yield a percentage of conversion of carbon in the sample to carbon in the gaseous form under conditions that resemble landfill conditions. It is possible that this test method will not simulate all conditions found in landfills, especially biologically inactive landfills. This test method more closely resembles those types of landfills in which the gas generated is recovered or even actively promoted, or both, for example, by inoculation (codeposition of anaerobic sewage sludge and anaerobic leachate recirculation), moisture control in the landfill (leachate recirculation), and temperature control (short-term injection of oxygen and heating of recirculated leachate)(1-7).21.3This test method is designed to produce partially degraded mixtures of municipal solid waste and plastics that can be used to assess the ecotoxicological risks associated with the anaerobic degradation of plastics after various stages of anaerobic biodegradation in a landfill.1.4Claims of performance shall be limited to the numerical result obtained in the test and not be used for unqualified “biodegradable” claims. Reports shall clearly state the percentage of net gaseous carbon generation for both the test and reference samples at the completion of the test. Furthermore, results shall not be extrapolated past the actual duration of the test.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazards statements are given in Section8.Note 1:There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.7This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ======5.1Decomposition of a plastic within a landfill involves biological processes that will affect the decomposition of other materials enclosed by, or in close proximity to, the plastic. Rapid degradation of the plastic has the ability to increase the economic feasibility of landfill-gas recovery, minimize the duration of after-care of the landfill, and make possible the recovery of the volume reduction of the waste due to biodegradation during the active life of the landfill. This procedure has been developed to permit determination of the anaerobic biodegradability of plastic products when placed in biologically active environments simulating landfill conditions.5.2As degradation occurs inevitably in a landfill, it is of immediate concern that the plastic materials do not produce toxic metabolites or end products under the various conditions that have the potential to occur in a landfill. The mixtures remaining after completion of the test method, containing fully or partially degraded plastic materials or extracts, can be submitted subsequently to ecotoxicity testing in order to assess the environmental hazards posed by the breakdown of plastics to varying degrees in landfills. This test method has been designed to assess biodegradation under optimum and less-than-optimum conditions.5.3Limitations—Because a wide variation exists in the construction and operation of landfills, and because regulatory requirements for landfills vary greatly, this procedure is not intended to simulate the environment of all landfills. However, it is expected to closely resemble the environment of a biologically active landfill. More specifically, the procedure is intended to create a standard laboratory environment that permits rapid and reproducible determination of the anaerobic biodegradability under accelerated landfill conditions, while at the same time producing reproducible mixtures of fully and partially decomposed household waste with plastic materials for ecotoxicological assessment. 1.1本试验方法包括在加速填埋试验环境中测定塑料材料的厌氧生物降解程度和速率。本试验方法还设计用于在类似填埋条件的条件下，在不同程度的分解后产生生活垃圾和塑料材料的混合物。将试验材料与预处理的生活垃圾混合，并暴露于仅对预处理的生活垃圾进行厌氧消化的产甲烷接种物中。厌氧分解发生在干燥条件下（大于30 % 总固体）和静态非混合条件。本试验方法后获得的混合物可用于评估垃圾填埋场中降解的塑料材料的环境和健康风险。1.2本试验方法旨在在类似填埋条件的条件下，将样品中的碳转化为气态碳的百分比。该试验方法可能不会模拟垃圾填埋场中发现的所有条件，尤其是生物活性垃圾填埋场。该试验方法更类似于回收或甚至积极促进产生的气体的垃圾填埋场类型，或通过接种（厌氧污水污泥的共沉积和厌氧渗滤液再循环）、垃圾填埋场中的水分控制（渗滤液再循环），和温度控制（短期注入氧气和加热再循环渗滤液）(1-7.).2.1.3本试验方法旨在产生城市固体废物和塑料的部分降解混合物，可用于评估垃圾填埋场中不同阶段厌氧生物降解后与塑料厌氧降解相关的生态毒理学风险。1.4性能声明应限于试验中获得的数值结果，不得用于不合格的“可生物降解”声明。报告应明确说明试验完成时试验样品和参考样品的净气态碳生成百分比。此外，不得在超过试验的实际持续时间后推断结果。1.5以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。1.6本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。具体危害说明见第节8..注1:没有已知的ISO等效于本标准。1.7本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。====意义和用途======5.1垃圾填埋场内塑料的分解涉及生物过程，这些生物过程将影响由塑料包围或靠近塑料的其他材料的分解。塑料的快速降解能够提高垃圾填埋气体回收的经济可行性，最大限度地缩短垃圾填埋后处理的时间，并使回收垃圾填埋有效期内因生物降解而减少的废物体积成为可能。开发该程序是为了确定塑料制品在模拟填埋条件的生物活性环境中的厌氧生物降解性。5.2由于垃圾填埋场中不可避免地会发生降解，因此，在各种可能在垃圾填埋场中发生的条件下，塑料材料不会产生有毒的代谢物或最终产品，这是一个亟待解决的问题。试验方法完成后剩余的混合物，包含完全或部分降解的塑料材料或提取物，可随后提交生态毒性试验，以评估垃圾填埋场中不同程度的塑料分解造成的环境危害。本试验方法旨在评估最佳和非最佳条件下的生物降解。5.3限制-由于垃圾填埋场的建设和运营存在很大差异，并且垃圾填埋场的监管要求差异很大，因此本程序无意模拟所有垃圾填埋场的环境。然而，预计其与生物活性垃圾填埋场的环境非常相似。更具体地说，该程序旨在创造一个标准的实验室环境，允许在加速填埋条件下快速、可重复地测定厌氧生物降解性，同时生产完全和部分分解的生活垃圾与塑料材料的可再生混合物，用于生态毒性评估。展开▼

关联标准

代替如下标准

1.ASTM D5526-12 Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under Accelerated Landfill Conditions。

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