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AWWA WQTC60668 A Winning Combination? Chlorine Dioxide, Dissolved Air Flotation, and Submerged Membranes for DBP Control in Source Waters with High Bromide and Reactive TOC

成功的组合？二氧化氯、溶解气浮和浸没式膜 用于在高溴化物和活性TOC源水中控制DBP

基本信息

标准号
AWWA WQTC60668
标准状态
现行
发布单位或类别
美国-美国给水工程协会(US-AWWA);
发布日期
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实施日期
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废止日期
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CCS分类
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ICS分类
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研制信息

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摘要

Sweetwater Authority (SWA) owns and operates the Robert A. Perdue Water TreatmentPlant (WTP), a 30 mgd conventional filtration plant located in San Diego County,California. This paper documents the results of SWA's pilot testing of chlorine dioxide(ClO2), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and submerged microfiltration/ultrafiltration(MF/UF) membranes, begun in early 2004, as a reliable and cost-effective treatmentstrategy for meeting future disinfection byproduct (DBP) regulations.The Perdue WTP treats two source waters, local surface water from SweetwaterReservoir (SWR) (average total organic carbon (TOC) = 6.5 mg/L, bromide up to 0.5mg/L) and San Diego County Water Authority (CWA) aqueduct water (average TOC =2.5 mg/L, low bromide). SWA currently applies free chlorine and potassiumpermanganate (KMnO4) to the raw SWR water and uses chloramines in the distributionsystem. However, excessive trihalomethanes (THMs) formation is a potential concern forcompliance with the Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rule using the LocationalRunning Annual Average (LRAA) method. The current testing program was preceded bypilot testing of intermediate-ozone with enhanced coagulation (30 mg/L ferric chloride)and bench-scale testing of ClO2 and ferric chloride doses up to 80 mg/L, results of whichare also highlighted in this paper.CWA was responsible for the first phase of DAF and MF/UF membrane testing at thePerdue WTP site, using the CWA Aqueduct water as the pilot feedwater. With DAF aspretreatment, both of the submerged membrane systems tested provided reliable waterquality at fluxes above 30 U.S. gallons per square foot per day (gfd) (51 liters per hourper square meter), with recoveries around 95%, for at least 30 days before the need formembrane clean-in-place (CIP).For the SWR water testing, the full-scale WTP influent is being treated with ClO2 atdoses up to 1.5 mg/L, and chlorite is controlled by applying ferrous chloride (FeCl2) at a3.3:1 ratio of ferrous ion to chlorite. The first two weeks of the SWR water testing usedDAF pretreated water as the feedwater to the membrane pilots while the following sixweeks used settled water from the full-scale plant as the membrane feedwater to comparethe effects of these two pretreatment options on membrane operation. Membrane fluxeswere set initially based on the results from the CWA water testing and optimized toprovide a minimum 30 day CIP interval. ClO2 was evaluated as the plant primarydisinfectant with chloramines downstream of the membranes for distribution systemresidual. In addition to monitoring the performance of the DAF and membrane systems,simulated distribution system (SDS) testing was conducted on the membrane filtrate on aweekly basis to estimate disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation.The process combination of ClO2, DAF, and submerged membranes represents apromising process combination for agencies seeking to meet the Stage 2 DBP Rule withsource waters with high bromide and highly reactive TOC. Includes 3 references, figures. 斯威特沃特管理局（SWA）拥有并运营罗伯特·A·珀杜水处理厂工厂（WTP），一个30 mgd的常规过滤工厂，位于圣地亚哥县，加利福尼亚本文记录了SWA二氧化氯中试试验的结果（ClO2）、溶解气浮（DAF）和浸没式微滤/超滤（MF/UF）膜，开始于2004年初，作为一种可靠且成本效益高的治疗方法满足未来消毒副产品（DBP）法规的策略。珀杜水处理厂处理两种水源水，即当地地表水和甜水储层（SWR）（平均总有机碳（TOC）=6.5 mg/L，溴含量高达0.5mg/L）和圣迭戈县水务局（CWA）输水管道水（平均总有机碳=2.5 mg/L，低溴）。SWA目前使用游离氯和钾高锰酸盐（KMnO4）注入原水，并在分配中使用氯胺系统然而，过量三卤甲烷（THMs）的形成是一个潜在的问题遵守第2阶段消毒副产品规则，使用Location运行年平均值（LRAA）法。目前的测试项目之前有中间臭氧强化混凝中试（30 mg/L氯化铁）以及ClO2和氯化铁剂量高达80 mg/L的实验室规模试验，结果如下:本文还重点介绍了这些问题。CWA负责第一阶段的DAF和MF/UF膜测试Perdue水处理厂现场，使用CWA水渠水作为先导给水。以达夫为代表在预处理过程中，两种浸没式膜系统都提供了可靠的水流量超过每天每平方英尺30美国加仑（gfd）（每小时51升）时的质量每平方米），回收率在95%左右，在需要之前至少30天膜就地清洗（CIP）。对于SWR水试验，全尺寸WTP进水正在用ClO2at进行处理剂量高达1.5 mg/L，亚氯酸盐是通过在一定温度下施用氯化亚铁（FeCl2）来控制的亚铁离子与绿泥石的比例为3.3:1。SWR水测试的前两周DAF将预处理水作为给水输送至膜导向器，而以下六个weeks使用全尺寸工厂的沉淀水作为膜给水进行比较这两种预处理方案对膜操作的影响。膜通量最初根据CWA水质测试结果设置，并优化为提供至少30天的CIP间隔。ClO2被评估为植物的主要成分分配系统膜下游含有氯胺的消毒剂残余物除了监测DAF和膜系统的性能，模拟分配系统（SDS）测试是在一台计算机上对膜滤液进行的每周评估消毒副产品（DBP）的形成。ClO2、DAF和浸没式膜的工艺组合代表了对于寻求满足第2阶段DBP规则的机构而言，有希望的流程组合含有高溴和高活性TOC的水源水。包括3个参考文献、图表。 展开▼

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