Embodiments are directed to a heat pump element comprising: a thin-film polymer or ceramic material within a range of 0.1 microns-100 microns thickness, and electrodes coupled to both sides of the thin-film material to form an electroded active thin-film material, wherein the thin-film material is separated by, and in intimate contact with, a heat transfer fluid in channels within a range of 10 microns-10 millimeters thickness, in which the fluid is capable of being translated back and forth through the element by an imposed pressure field.
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