A thermal management system 100 comprises an electrical component 102 thermally coupled to at least one panel 106 having passages (112, 114, 116 & 118, Fig 3C) conveying a working fluid communicating heat around the panel in a sealed system, and a heat exchanger 108 communicating heat to and/or from the electrical component via the panel. Panels surrounding the electrical component may be coupled by the passages having joining members 110. The working fluid may be in both liquid and gaseous phases, evaporating and condensing at different locations of the sealed system. The electrical component may be a battery of cells 104. The heat exchanger may comprise a thermoelectric device and may comprise inlets (128a, 130a Fig 6) in which fluid from a heat tank (128, Fig 6) and a cold storage (130, Fig 6) may be pumped. The working fluid may be water or a refrigerant. A vehicle (140, Fig 6), which may be electric, is also claimed.
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