Impact experiments in Newtonian fluids with a range of viscosities of 10-3 to 60 Pa s demonstrate that transient prater volume and shape (depth-to-diameter: ratio) depend on target viscosity as well as on gravity. Volume is reduced, and depth-to-diameter ratio is increased for cratering events in which viscosity plays a dominant role. In addition to being affected by target kinematic viscosity, viscous scaling is most strongly influenced by projectile diameter, less strongly by projectile velocity, and least strongly by gravity. In a Planetary context, viscols effects can occur for craters formed by small or slow moving impacting bodies, low planetary surface densities, high surface viscosities, and low gravity values; conditions all likely for certain impacts into the icy satellites of Saturn and Jupiter, especially if liquid mantles were still present beneath solid crusts. Age dating based on crater counts and size-frequency distributions for these icy bodies may have to be modified to account for the possibility that viscosity-dominated craters were initially smaller and deeper than their gravity-controlled counterparts.
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机译：在粘度范围为10-3至60 Pa s的牛顿流体中进行的冲击实验表明，瞬态物的体积和形状（深度与直径之比）取决于目标粘度以及重力。对于其中粘度起主要作用的缩孔事件，体积会减小，并且深径比会增加。除了受目标运动粘度影响外，粘性结垢受弹丸直径影响最大，受弹丸速度影响较小，而受重力影响最小。在行星环境中，由较小或缓慢移动的撞击体，较低的行星表面密度，较高的表面粘度和较低的重力值形成的陨石坑会发生粘滞效应。这种情况很可能会对土星和木星的冰卫星产生一定的影响，尤其是在固体壳下仍存在液态幔的情况下。对于这些冰体，基于陨石坑计数和尺寸-频率分布的年龄测年可能必须进行修改，以考虑到以粘度为主的陨石坑最初比重力控制的陨石坑更小更深的可能性。
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