As the number and variety of devices being used to access the World Wide Web grows exponentially, ensuring the correct presentation of a web page, regardless of the device used to browse it, is an important and challenging task. When developers adopt responsive web design (RWD) techniques, web pages modify their appearance to accommodate a device’s display constraints. However, a current lack of automated support means that presentation failures may go undetected in a page’s layout when rendered for different viewport sizes. A central problem is the difficulty in providing an automated “oracle” to validate RWD layouts against, meaning that checking for failures is largely a manual process in practice, which results in layout failures in many live responsive web sites. This paper presents an automated failure detection technique that checks the consistency of a responsive page’s layout across a range of viewport widths, obviating the need for an explicit oracle. In an empirical study, this method found failures in 16 of 26 real-world production pages studied, detecting 33 distinct failures in total.udud
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机译：随着用于访问万维网的设备的数量和种类呈指数增长，无论使用哪种设备浏览网页，确保正确显示网页都是一项重要且具有挑战性的任务。当开发人员采用自适应Web设计（RWD）技术时，网页会修改其外观以适应设备的显示限制。但是，当前缺乏自动化支持，这意味着在为不同的视口尺寸呈现页面时，在页面布局中可能无法检测到演示失败。一个中心问题是难以提供自动化的“ oracle”来验证RWD布局，这意味着在实践中检查故障在很大程度上是手动过程，这会导致许多实时响应网站出现布局故障。本文提出了一种自动故障检测技术，该技术可以检查在整个视口宽度范围内响应页面布局的一致性，从而无需使用明确的预言。在一项实证研究中，此方法发现了所研究的26个实际生产页面中的16个失败，总共检测到33个不同的失败。 ud ud
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