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Non-monetary Trade and Differential Access to Credit in the Russian Transition

机译:俄罗斯转型期的非货币贸易与信贷差别

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摘要

The unusual rise and fall of non-monetary trade (NMT) in the Russian transition has been a subject of heated debates. Yet, this phenomenon is often viewed as a peculiarity that one cannot explain by economic considerations alone. In this paper we show that the resort to NMT was a rational, albeit spontaneous, reaction of industrial enterprises to the outflow of liquidity, which in turn was precipitated by the combination of persistent budgetary deficit and strict monetary policy. The IMF pledge to stand by if the government became insolvent made this policy credible. Several mechanisms contributed to the development of credit rationing of enterprises. First, the abandonment of implicit guarantees on loans extended to enterprises by the Central Bank of Russia prompted commercial banks to shift credit to other groups of borrowers. Second, when the Federal Government moved to finance its budgetary deficit through open-market operations, it crowded out commercial credit. Third, public money was transferred predominantly to households who partially lent it back to the government. Fourth, the policy of low exchange rate kept the balance of payment close to zero, which prevented the monetary base from growing. The default of August 1998 constituted a clear structural break. It prompted modifications in monetary and fiscal policies. The collapse of the market for state securities led to widespread bank failures. The CBR abandoned its policy of non-intervention in fiscal affairs and cleared debts that the governments and enterprises accumulated. In addition, money supply expanded because increased inflows of foreign currency were incompletely sterilized. The combination of a lesser government presence at credit markets, clearance of debts, and increase in money supply injected liquidity in domestic producers and they abandoned NMT. Statistical evidence supports the claim that NMT was caused by credit rationing experienced by enterprises. A GLS model with four explanatory variables (and dummies accounting for a structural break of August 1998) explains more than 90% of monthly changes in NMT for the period of February 1992 – December 2001. The collapse of the market for government loans appears to be the most significant event accountable for the structural break.
机译:俄罗斯过渡期间非货币贸易(NMT)的异常兴衰一直是激烈辩论的主题。然而,这种现象通常被认为是一种特殊性,人们不能仅凭经济考虑就可以解释这种现象。在本文中,我们表明诉诸NMT是工业企业对流动性流出的一种理性反应,尽管是自发的,而这种反应又是由于持续的预算赤字和严格的货币政策共同作用的结果。如果政府破产,国际货币基金组织将坚持这一立场,使这项政策可信。多种机制促进了企业信贷配给的发展。首先,俄罗斯中央银行放弃了对企业贷款的隐性担保,促使商业银行将信贷转移给其他借款人群体。其次,当联邦政府开始通过公开市场运作为预算赤字融资时,它挤出了商业信贷。第三,公共资金主要转移给家庭,这些家庭将其部分贷还给政府。第四,低汇率政策使国际收支接近于零,这阻止了货币基础的增长。 1998年8月的违约构成明显的结构性断裂。它促使人们修改货币和财政政策。国有证券市场的崩溃导致广泛的银行倒闭。中央银行放弃了不干预财政政策,清算了政府和企业积累的债务。此外,货币供应量的增加是因为外币流入的增加没有得到完全消毒。政府在信贷市场上的业务减少,债务清算以及货币供应量增加的结合为国内生产者注入了流动性,因此他们放弃了NMT。统计证据支持NMT是企业经历的信贷配给引起的说法。具有四个解释变量的GLS模型(且假人占1998年8月的结构性崩溃)解释了1992年2月至2001年12月NMT月度变化的90%以上。政府贷款市场的崩溃似乎是最重大的事件是结构性中断的原因。

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    Ivanenko Vlad;

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  • 年度 2003
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