Today’s most advanced economies are fundamentally knowledge-based (Dunning, 2000; Baum et al., 2009; Carrillo et al., 2014). As for Burton (1999), under the knowledge capitalism, the gap between rich and poor countries is rapidly expanding; where knowledge-intensity is also leading to a growing gap within our societies. The move towards a knowledge economy not only represents a new competitiveness challenge, but also a shift in both the nature of organisations and the way in which they devise and implement their strategies (Huggins, 2011; Esmaeilpoorarabi et al., 2016). The growing dependency of wealth creation on intangibles is making the global economy more fluid and volatile, and the capacity to access and combine new and existing knowledge effectively has become highly important for the competitiveness of firms, cities, regions and nations (Wolfe & Bramwell, 2008; Lonnqvist et al, 2014; Yigitcanlar et al., 2016).
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