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Cultivation of virtue: Women's practices and gender issuesduring the Song era (960-1279)

机译：修养美德：宋代时期的女性习俗和性别问题（960-1279）

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Idealized presentations of female behavior prescribed by Ban Zhao (A.D. 45-120) and later male Confucians defined women in the role of inner helpers, thus confining them to the domestic arena. Close scrutiny of data however reveals a cluster of new values for Song women evident through personal cultivation and devotional practices both "within" and "without" the inner sphere. This dissertation offers a preliminary investigation of Song women's practices such as bodily and spiritual cultivations as well as their devotional and philanthropic activities. It examines why and how these specific inner and outer practices evolved into regnant womanly practices that ultimately becarne exemplary behaviors during the Song period. Through the lens of female daily practices, this study also investigates the diverse interactions between genders in the Song era. The first part of this dissertation explores Song women's bodily and spiritual observances within the inner quarters. Song women performed bodily cultivations through various forms of ascetic behaviors, including fasting, vegetarianism, the abstinence from slaughtering living beings, and seclusion in their daily lives, which can be deemed gendered practices. Spiritual cultivation through religious practices such as sutra recitation and other related observances functioned not only as accessible avenues of female spiritual pursuits, but also served as alternative conduits for Song women's literary aspirations. Part Two first discusses the gender discourse and the tension between the norms and historical reality during the Song. The last two chapters examine Song women's practices such as their religious offerings and involvement in community public works and philanthropy outside the domestic realm. In contrast to women's inner practices, women's outer sphere endeavors put their personal cultivation and volition into practice, and also extended their influential financial autonomy beyond the domestic arena into the greater society. This study concludes that despite deviations from conventional Confucian values, these inner and outer womanly practices were perceived as paragons of female virtues. Lastly, it suggests a negotiated process in the workings of gender in the Song culture.

机译：班昭（A.D. 45-120）和后来的男性儒家规定的女性行为的理想表现形式将女性定义为内部帮手的角色，从而将她们限制在家庭领域。然而，对数据的仔细审查揭示了宋代妇女的一系列新价值，这是通过个人修养和奉献实践在“内”和“内”两个领域内体现出来的。本文对宋妇女的身体修养和精神修养及其奉献和慈善活动进行了初步研究。它研究了为什么这些特定的内在和外在习俗以及为什么演变成re废的女性习俗，这些习俗最终成为宋代时期的榜样行为。通过女性日常活动的镜头，本研究还调查了宋代性别之间的多种互动。本论文的第一部分探讨了宋代妇女在内部区域的身体和精神守法。宋代妇女通过各种禁欲行为来进行身体修养，包括禁食，素食，对宰杀生物的禁欲以及在日常生活中的隔离，这些都可以视为性别习俗。通过宗教习俗（如诵经和其他相关纪念活动）进行精神修养，不仅可以作为女性精神追求的途径，而且还可以作为宋代女性文学理想的替代渠道。第二部分首先讨论了宋代的性别话语以及规范与历史现实之间的张力。前两章探讨了宋妇女的行为，例如其宗教活动，参与家庭领域以外的社区公共事业和慈善事业。与妇女的内部习惯形成对照，妇女的外部努力将其个人修养和意志付诸实践，并将有影响力的财务自主权从家庭领域扩展到更大的社会。这项研究得出的结论是，尽管偏离了传统的儒家价值观，但这些内在和外在的女性习俗被视为女性美德的典范。最后，它暗示了宋文化中性别工作的谈判过程。

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Lu Hui-tzu;
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Cultivation of virtue: Women's practices and gender issuesduring the Song era (960-1279)

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