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Intra- and Inter-Pandemic Variations of Antiviral, Antibiotics and Decongestants in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Receiving Rivers

机译:污水处理厂和接收河流中抗病毒,抗生素和絮凝剂的菌内和菌间变异

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摘要

The concentration of eleven antibiotics (trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, cefotaxime, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin), three decongestants (naphazoline, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline) and the antiviral drug oseltamivir's active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), were measured weekly at 21 locations within the River Thames catchment in England during the month of November 2009, the autumnal peak of the influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 pandemic. The aim was to quantify the pharmaceutical response to the pandemic and compare this to drug use during the late pandemic (March 2010) and the inter-pandemic periods (May 2011). A large and small wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were sampled in November 2009 to understand the differential fate of the analytes in the two WWTPs prior to their entry in the receiving river and to estimate drug users using a wastewater epidemiology approach. Mean hourly OC concentrations in the small and large WWTP's influent were 208 and 350 ng/L (max, 2070 and 550 ng/L, respectively). Erythromycin was the most concentrated antibiotic measured in Benson and Oxford WWTPs influent (max = 6,870 and 2,930 ng/L, respectively). Napthazoline and oxymetazoline were the most frequently detected and concentrated decongestant in the Benson WWTP influent (1650 and 67 ng/L) and effluent (696 and 307 ng/L), respectively, but were below detection in the Oxford WWTP. OC was found in 73% of November 2009's weekly river samples (max = 193 ng/L), but only in 5% and 0% of the late-and inter-pandemic river samples, respectively. The mean river concentration of each antibiotic during the pandemic largely fell between 17-74 ng/L, with clarithromycin (max = 292 ng/L) and erythromycin (max = 448 ng/L) yielding the highest single measure. In general, the concentration and frequency of detecting antibiotics in the river increased during the pandemic. OC was uniquely well-suited for the wastewater epidemiology approach owing to its nature as a prodrug, recalcitrance and temporally-and spatially-resolved prescription statistics.
机译:的11种抗生素(甲氧苄啶,土霉素,环丙沙星,阿奇霉素,头孢噻肟,强力霉素,磺胺甲恶唑,红霉素,克拉霉素,氧氟沙星,诺氟沙星),三个减充血剂(萘甲唑啉,羟甲唑啉,赛洛唑啉)和抗病毒药物奥司他韦的活性代谢物,奥塞米韦羧酸盐的浓度(OC )在2009年11月(即A [H1N1] pdm09流感大流行的秋季高峰)期间在英格兰泰晤士河流域内的21个地点每周进行一次测量。目的是量化对大流行的药物反应,并将其与大流行后期(2010年3月)和大流行间期(2011年5月)的药物使用进行比较。 2009年11月对大型污水处理厂(WWTP)进行了采样,以了解这两种污水处理厂在进入接收河之前分析物的不同结局,并使用污水流行病学方法估算吸毒者。小型和大型污水处理厂进水中的平均每小时OC浓度为208和350 ng / L(分别为最大值2070和550 ng / L)。在Benson和Oxford污水处理厂进水中,红霉素是浓度最高的抗生素(最高分别为6,870和2,930 ng / L)。在Benson污水处理厂进水(1650和67 ng / L)和污水(696和307 ng / L)中,纳沙唑啉和羟甲唑啉分别是最频繁检测和浓缩的充血剂,但在牛津污水处理厂中检测不到。在2009年11月的每周河水样本中(最大= 193 ng / L)发现了OC,但分别在大流行后期和大流行间河水样本中分别发现了OC和5%。大流行期间每种抗生素的平均河流浓度在17-74 ng / L之间大幅度下降,其中克拉霉素(最大= 292 ng / L)和红霉素(最大= 448 ng / L)产生了最高的单项指标。通常,在大流行期间,河流中检测抗生素的浓度和频率会增加。 OC由于具有前药,顽固性和时空分解处方统计的特性,因此非常适合废水流行病学方法。

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