This thesis investigates how a machine can be taught a new task from unlabeled humaninstructions, which is without knowing beforehand how to associate the human communicative signals withtheir meanings. The theoretical and empirical work presented in this thesis provides means to createcalibration free interactive systems, which allow humans to interact with machines, from scratch, using theirown preferred teaching signals. It therefore removes the need for an expert to tune the system for eachspecific user, which constitutes an important step towards flexible personalized teaching interfaces, a key forthe future of personal robotics.Our approach assumes the robot has access to a limited set of task hypotheses, which include the task theuser wants to solve. Our method consists of generating interpretation hypotheses of the teaching signalswith respect to each hypothetic task. By building a set of hypothetic interpretation, i.e. a set of signallabelpairs for each task, the task the user wants to solve is the one that explains better the history of interaction.We consider different scenarios, including a pick and place robotics experiment with speech as the modalityof interaction, and a navigation task in a brain computer interaction scenario. In these scenarios, a teacherinstructs a robot to perform a new task using initially unclassified signals, whose associated meaning can bea feedback (correct/incorrect) or a guidance (go left, right, up, ...). Our results show that a) it is possible tolearn the meaning of unlabeled and noisy teaching signals, as well as a new task at the same time, and b) itis possible to reuse the acquired knowledge about the teaching signals for learning new tasks faster. Wefurther introduce a planning strategy that exploits uncertainty from the task and the signals' meanings toallow more efficient learning sessions. We present a study where several real human subjects controlsuccessfully a virtual device using their brain and without relying on a calibration phase. Our system identifies, from scratch, the target intended by the user as well as the decoder of brain signals.Based on this work, but from another perspective, we introduce a new experimental setup to study howhumans behave in asymmetric collaborative tasks. In this setup, two humans have to collaborate to solve atask but the channels of communication they can use are constrained and force them to invent and agree ona shared interaction protocol in order to solve the task. These constraints allow analyzing how acommunication protocol is progressively established through the interplay and history of individual actions.
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