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Using ⁸¹ Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

机译:使用⁸Kr和稀有气体在百万年时间尺度上表征和定标波罗的海自流盆地中的地下水和盐水

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摘要

Analyses for ⁸¹Kr and noble gases on groundwater from the deepest aquifer system of the Baltic Artesian Basin (BAB) were performed to determine groundwater ages and uncover the flow dynamics of the system on a timescale of several hundred thousand years. We find that the system is controlled by mixing of three distinct water masses: Interglacial or recent meteoric water (δ⁸¹O ≈ −10.4‰) with a poorly evolved chemical and noble gas signature, glacial meltwater (δ⁸¹O ⩽ −18‰) with elevated noble gas concentrations, and an old, high-salinity brine component (δ⁸¹O ⩾ −4.5‰, ⩾ 90 g Cl−/L) with strongly depleted atmospheric noble gas concentrations. The 81Kr measurements are interpreted within this mixing framework to estimate the age of the end-members. Deconvoluted ⁸¹Kr ages range from 300 ka to 1.3 Ma for interglacial or recent meteoric water and glacial meltwater. For the brine component, ages exceed the dating range of the ATTA-3 instrument of 1.3 Ma. The radiogenic noble gas components ⁴He∗ and ⁴⁰Ar∗ are less conclusive but also support an age of > 1 Ma for the brine. Based on the chemical and noble gas concentrations and the dating results, we conclude that the brine originates from evaporated seawater that has been modified by later water–rock interaction. As the obtained tracer ages cover several glacial cycles, we discuss the impact of the glacial cycles on flow patterns in the studied aquifer system.
机译:对波罗的海自流盆地(BAB)最深含水层系统中的地下水中的KKr和稀有气体进行了分析,以确定了地下水的年龄,并揭示了数十万年的系统流动动态。我们发现该系统是由三种不同的水团混合控制的:冰川间或近地水(δ⁸¹O≈-10.4‰),其化学和稀有气体特征较差;冰川融化水(δ⁸¹O⩽-18‰),惰性气体含量较高。浓度,以及旧的,高盐度的盐水成分(δ⁸OO⩾-4.5‰,⩾90 g Cl- / L),并且大气中稀有气体的浓度大大降低。在此混合框架内解释了81Kr的测量值,以估计末端成员的年龄。对于间冰期或最近的陨石水和冰川融化水,去卷积的⁸Kr年龄范围从300 ka到1.3 Ma。对于盐水成分,年龄超出了ATTA-3仪器的日期范围1.3 Ma。放射性稀有气体成分⁴He∗和⁴⁰Ar∗的结论性较差,但也支持盐水的年龄> 1 Ma。根据化学和稀有气体的浓度以及测年结果,我们得出结论,盐水来自蒸发的海水,后来经过水-岩相互作用而发生了变化。由于获得的示踪剂年龄涵盖了几个冰川周期,因此我们讨论了冰川周期对研究的含水层系统中水流模式的影响。

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